Tag Archives: Food and Drug Administration

Suicide and Drug Addiction

Suicide Rate in Drug Addiction and How to Naturally Prevent

Drug addiction has been known for its destructive effects on the addicts. Most of the side effects are known by many especially depression and other withdrawal symptoms that an addict faces whenever he tries to stop using the drugs. However there is also another serious problem that has now been linked to drug and substance addiction- suicide. Suicide among drug addicts has become a serious problem that have to be curbed as many addicts are finding it the easiest way to end their suffering and depression as they struggle to set themselves free from addiction. Most of the people who commit suicide do it under the influence drugs. The use of opiates like oxycodone and heroin are leading cause of suicides.

Cocaine Use Increased Odd of Suicide Attempt 

Suicide Student Overwhelmed Asking For Helphas been a problem that the society has been fighting with. It has very many causes, however as revealed by a study that was led by Richard Ries MD of Harborview Medical Center University of Washington Seattle, Wa, the major cause of suicide attempts are the use of drugs and substance. This study reveals that of all the major causes of suicide attempts, cocaine use leads by increasing suicide attempts 62 times more likely. This is followed by major depression which increases the odd of suicide attempts 41 times more likely. Alcohol use follows by increasing odd of suicide attempts 8 times more likely. This supports the notion that drug and substance addiction increases chances of a person committing suicide.

In this same study it was found that among other factors divorce and separation increased odd of suicide attempts 11 times more likely. A person may argue that now that divorce and separation also increases the likelihood of a person committing suicide then there is no way to link drug addiction to increased suicide cases. However if deviate from your view you will realize that drug and substance addiction has a bigger role in even divorce and separation. Most of the cases where married parties have to separate or divorce are often linked to drug abuse. A person gets drunk and becomes abusive needless to mention he may not be able to stand with his responsibilities causing the family to break. Socially, the use of drugs and getting addicted to them will even determine the people you relate with and what jobs you will even do. So drug and substance addiction will affect a marriage in many and may be the driving factor that leads to separation linked to increased suicide cases.

However it not reasonable to ignore other factors that may lead to divorce and separation such as infidelity, having abusive partners (some people get abusive even without using drugs), financial problems and other mere misunderstandings. In these cases it calls for counseling in order to rectify the problems before it results in divorce. As it turns saving a divorce may count in reducing the rate of suicide. Marriage counselors may help in restoring peace in a marriage.

What Predicts Suicide Attempts in Alcoholics?

Teen alcohol addiction (drunk teens with vodka bottle)Several studies have linked drug use to increase in suicide attempts. The addicts need to be helped through various ways to help them stay away from suicide thoughts. The doctors have found various ways through which they can predict whether a person addicted to alcohol may attempt suicide or not. These insights may help the doctors to find ways to counsel the addicts to be free from suicide thoughts. One of these pointers is the family history of attempted suicides. When a person has a family member who had committed suicide they are said to develop suicide thoughts. When these suicide thoughts become dominant in their minds they begin to view it as the best solution to end their addiction problems. By studying their family suicide attempt history they can be helped to adopt better ways of solving problems. Another pointer is adverse childhood experience. There are childhood experiences that keep haunting an individual. These thoughts may even be the cause why a person becomes alcoholic. Experiences such as rape, neglect or sodomy may leave a person feeling unworthy and such attitude may cause suicide. The doctors may find ways of helping such an addict to avoid suicide.

Today, suicide has become a major catastrophe. In America alone it is reported that suicide is among top 3 or 4 causes of death in the US from teens to 50. To reduce this rate, there are a lot that needs to be done. Fortunately several studies have shown the major causes of suicide and so an action plan can be developed to minimize the causes of suicidal deaths in both teens and adults not only in America but also in other continents.

Suicide Screen, Assessment Risk and Referral

Suicide is one of the major causes of deaths in teens. For this reasons there is need to screen the alcoholics and even teens for suicide risks. Unfortunately screening for suicide risks has not been utilized in the past majorly because many institutions lack these mental health resources. Risk assessment will be done after the screening to show probability of suicidal death occurring and after this probability is known then various measures can be taken to help the person before he becomes a victim of suicide. In most institutions there may not be abled professionals to handle a subject given the suicide risk factor may be high. In this case referrals become necessary where the person may be taken to more equipped centers with abled professionals who can help prevent such deaths.

Drugs and substance abuse contribute greatly to suicidal deaths and that is why here at AWAREmed we approach addiction integratively so that we not only deal with withdrawal symptoms but also assess other risk factors. Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) has helped many addicts to retrace their steps and overcome addiction. You can call on her for more help.

Suicide Rate in Drug Addiction and How to Naturally Prevent

Related articles

Facebooktwitterpinterestlinkedin

Immune Stimulation Therapy

What is immune stimulation therapy?

This is a form of treatment for cancer in which the immune system of a patient is stimulated in order to effectively combat the effect of invading cancer cells. Immune stimulation therapy is closely related to immunotherapy or biotherapy. However, it is accurate to view immune stimulation therapy as a component of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy can be seen as a method of treating cancer in which the immune system plays a leading role. The practice of immunotherapy is carried out using two major ways. In the first one; which is what we are concerned with; the immune system is stimulated to act against the effects of cancer cells. In the second method, additional compounds are introduced into the body to help fight cancer cells. This is what is commonly referred to as biotherapy.

The immune system and cancer

There is an interesting relationship between the immune system and how cancer develops in the body of a human being. The immune system is a complicated collection of processes, structures and connections that provides the much needed protection for the body. The environment we live in is full of foreign bodies in the form microorganism that are toxic to the body. It is the primary function of the immune system to not only prevent the entry such microbes into the body but also kill them in case they get in.

In destroying foreign bodies, the immune system makes use of white blood cells. Entry of foreign microbes into the body triggers a complex response process that leads to an increase in the production of white blood cells. The cells are able to engulf disease-causing microbes thus neutralizing the danger of the body being invaded and ran over.

To do this, white blood cells are able to detect the proteins that are found on the microbes. Since they understand the composition of all cells that are found in the body, entry of cells that have different compositions automatically triggers a defensive response.

immune stimulation therapy

The immune system is not efficient in destroying foreign antigens all the time. That is why treatments are sought for different diseases all the time. Cancer, in particular, presents serious complications to the immune system. First of all, cancer cells develop from normal healthy body cells. Through the process of mutation, erstwhile normal body cells develop cancer-like properties and set off on their own path with a different agenda: abnormal and unregulated growth. Because of their origin, cancer cells manage to evade the detection mechanism of the immune system.

Second, cancer cells do wage war against the immune system. By producing chemicals that inhibit the way the immune system works, cancer cells can be seen to be making preemptive strikes against the immune system, thus guaranteeing their own survival in the body.

It is these cells invest a lot in battling the immune system of a person that research in cancer treatment has discovered how important the immune system is in winning this war. The immune system is the major battlefield in the war against cancer.

Types of immune stimulation therapies

There are different types of immune stimulation therapies that are in use. Their common characteristic is that they work by stimulating the ability of the immune system to attack and act against cancer cells.

One of the methods by which they work is boosting the ability of natural enemies of cancer cells that are found in the body. For example, the body produces special chemicals called interleukins. These are compounds that play a crucial role in coordinating the way white blood cells work in the body. Also, interleukins are known to stimulate the production of white blood cells in general. Immunotherapy makes use of this relationship by increasing the level of this hormone in the body of patients. This way, the immune system is stimulated to act against cancer cells quite effectively.

Interferons are another type of compounds that are naturally made by the body to fight against cancer cells. Their ability to fight off virus infections and possible cancer development has been known for a long time. In immune stimulation therapy, their production in the body is highly boosted, thus empowering the immune system to fight against cancer cells in the body.

The fight against cancer cells is usually directed towards inhibiting their process of growth and development. Through angiogenesis and metastasis, cancer cells are able to develop, grow and spread across the tissues of the body. Interferons and interleukins work against them by undermining these processes.

immune stimulation therapyAnother way in which the immune stimulation therapy is used to treat cancer is special drugs that stimulate the immune system in specific ways. Usually, the cancer cells are able to evade attacks from the immune system because they disguise themselves as normal body cells. The immune system has an in-built mechanism that prevents it from attacking normal body cells. Therefore, theoretically, when this mechanism is stopped, the immune system is able to attack cells with fury. The good thing is that the fury is usually directed towards cancer cells. In practice, drugs have been made which do exactly this; temporarily stop the inbuilt mechanism of self-defense to give the immune system time to attack cancer cells. However, since the immune system attacks normal body cells as well under such conditions, these drugs usually have serious side effects on a patient.

Immune stimulation therapy holds promise as a way of helping the bodies of patients to fight off the effects of cancer cells naturally. There are several natural methods that are used to stimulate the immune system. The good thing in using such methods is that they do not produce side effects on patients. Here at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center, we offer different forms of natural methods of stimulating the immune system to help it fight against cancer. we understand the method as one that arms the immune system with weapons that it is best familiar with.

What is immune stimulation therapy?

 

Facebooktwitterpinterestlinkedin

Types of Opioids and Their Uses

Type of Opioids, Their Uses and Side Effects

172468400_80_80Opioids are drugs that many people cannot do without. They are essential in hospitals as they are the most effective drugs that can be used to aid the pain patients. Diseases such as cancer are synonymous to pain and in some situations going through the treatments will be very painful and therefore there is need for a drug that will work in different ways to curb the pain that may be disabling to the patient. Chronic pain in itself presents a torture to the patient and without pain relievers, such pain may cripple a patient. The opioids are not news to many years; people know them some as dangerous drugs that should never have been created in the first place. While to many they has become very valuable essentials that they cannot survive without- the pain patients (and even addicts). However, people are not always informed about the given types of opioids.  The opioids are mostly classified according to their source. There are opioids that are naturally extracted from the poppy plant and used without designing or any other further processing. These will fall under natural opioids.  Opioids may be extracted from the poppy plant but then is further processed. This group is referred to use semi-synthetic opioids while there are some that are some opioids that are processed in the labs. The opioids falling in this group are known as synthetic opioids.

The naturally sourced opioids

The natural opioids are those that are naturally available from the poppy plant. After extraction they are not further processed in a manner that will deplete their contents. Some of these natural opioids are used as pain relievers in hospitals.

Here are examples of the opioids;

Morphine

Morphine is naturally extracted from poppy plant. It is the most dominant opiate in the poppy plant. It was the first active ingredient that was extracted from the poppy plant. Apart from morphine there are also other alkanoids of different types that are found in the opium. The major source of morphine is a chemical extraction from opium.

Despite its use in hospitals for pain relief in patients with intense pain, morphine has a high potential of addiction, tolerance and psychological dependence which develops very rapidly. However psychological dependence takes a little bit longer to develop and may take several months. With morphine, tolerance to respiratory depression and euphoria develops more rapidly than tolerance to analgesia.

Thebaine

Thebaine is naturally available in small quantities in opium. It is also known as Paramorphine. It is white, crystalline, slightly water-soluble and poisonous alkaloid.  The Thebaine-Constituent of Raw-Opium is normally between 0.2% and 1.5%. However higher amounts have been reported. It is not used for therapeutic or recreational purposes, but is converted industrially into a variety of compounds such as oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine and etorphine.

In the past thabaine was believed to have no properties that were like those of morphine. However there are many studies that have found that thebaine has a considerable potential for dependence both psychological and physical when used in large doses for a long period of time.

Codeine

Naturally extracted from the poppy plant, codeine is used in hospitals as a narcotic pain-reliever and cough suppressant. It functions similar to morphine and hydrocodone. Moreover, when taken a small amount of codeine is converted to morphine in the body. However the mechanism of action of codeine is not known but just like morphine, codeine binds to opioid receptors in the brain. These receptors are important for transmitting the sensation of pain throughout the body and brain. Codeine increases tolerance to pain, decreasing discomfort, but the pain still is apparent to the patient. Despite its ability to suppress coughs and enable pain tolerance, it has the following side effects, noisy breathing, sighing, slow breathing with long pauses between breaths, drowsiness and blue colored lips.

Semi-synthetic opioids

This is a group of drugs that are naturally extracted from the poppy plant but are further processed before they are used. An example is heroine.

Heroine

Comes from the opium poppy but is further processed. When pure it is a white powder that has a bad taste. Some heroin is dark brown, and black tar heroin is either sticky or hard and looks like roofing tar. It has pain relieving properties. Unlike most pain relieving narcotics that are accepted in most states when prescribed by doctors, heroin is illegal in most countries basically because it is highly addictive and has quite grave side effects. Some of the withdrawal symptoms include; sleeplessness, bad chills and sweats, muscle pain, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Synthetic opioids

These are opioids that are made in laboratories. They include;

Methadone

Methadone is used as a pain reliever and as part of drug addiction detoxification and maintenance programs and is only available from certified pharmacies. This drug helps reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms that are suffered by heroin addicts when they stop using heroin. Some of its side effects include; rapid heart rhythm, severe dizziness and chest pain among others.

Oxycodone

This is an FDA approved drug for use in pain relief as well as suppressing coughs. This drug is a strong pain reliever and works better for both opioidsmoderate and severe pain. It increases tolerance to pain hence eliminating discomfort. It also causes sedation. May cause very severe side effects when mixed with alcohol. Cases of death have been reported.

Fentanyl

Fentanyl is an opioid medication that is used for anesthesia to help prevent pain after surgery or any other medical procedure that may result in moderate or severe pain. It is injected in the muscle or in the vain through IV. It is mostly used before surgery. Side effects include severe dizziness, drowsiness and impaired reactions.

Finally, you need more information to stay away from dependence on alcohol and drugs as these have crippled societies and that is why here at AWAREmed we are dedicated to finding the best solutions to addiction and dependence on substances. Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is always in the mood of helping any patient to be addiction free. Do not hesitate to call on her for help in managing any sort of chronic pain or any type of addiction as well as other diseases.

Type of Opioids, Their Uses and Side Effects 

Facebooktwitterpinterestlinkedin

Gabapentin and Alcohol Dependence

Gabapentin Is Useful In Fighting Alcohol Dependence

gabapentinGabapentin also known to many as Neurontin is an anticonvulsant and analgesic drug. This drug was  originally developed to treat epilepsy however it also works well in relieving is neuropathic pain and is now used for pain relief in most hospitals worldwide. It is recommended as a first line agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain arising from diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain. This drug may also be prescribed for other off-label uses such as treatment of restless leg syndrome, anxiety disorders, insomnia, and bipolar disorder. There are, however, concerns regarding the quality of the trials conducted and evidence for some such uses, especially in the case of its use as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder. More research needs to be conducted to ascertain the use of this drug as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder.

 

 

Gabapentin Versus Chlordiazepoxide for outpatient alcohol

Benzodiazepines are used to treat alcohol withdrawal (AW) but they are known to cause cognitive impairment, sedation, and ataxia, and interact with alcohol. Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants are promising and possibly safer alternatives for the treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal.

There several studies that have been conducted on this area especially comparing gabapentin and Chlordiazepoxide. In one of these studies the objective was to find out which of these two medications was safe and effective rather the objective was to compare the safety and effectiveness of these two medications. In this study the patients were divided into two groups. The first group was given gabapentin while the other group was given chlordiazepoxide. The subjects were then monitored after 7 days alcohol abstinence, withdrawal severity scores, adverse events including ataxia, sedation, cognitive function and alcohol craving. The results of this study however were never published. To others it may seem useless speaking about a study whose findings was not even published but the very existent of the research speaks volumes. For a fact it shows that chlordiazepoxide that had been used in the past in dealing with patients of alcohol withdrawal had some inefficiencies or had some serious side effects that needed to be corrected therefore a better medication was indeed needed to replace it. However, this is the authors own opinion lets proceed to other research studies that had been done on this subject.

There is also another study whose objective was to compare follow-up measures of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), ataxia rating, and Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol revised (CIWA-Ar) symptoms between alcohol-dependent individuals randomized to treatment with gabapentin or chlordiazepoxide. In this study it was found that in ambulatory veterans with symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, gabapentin treatment resulted in significantly greater reduction in sedation (ESS) and a trend to reduced alcohol craving (PACS) by the end of treatment compared to chlordiazepoxide treatment. Although limited by the small sample size, the suggestion of reduction in sleepiness and less craving warrants replication of the study with a larger sample.

Gabapentin with Naltrexone for the treatment of Alcohol Dependence

In the fight to overcome alcohol dependence various strategies are used. In some cases a single drug maybe used successfully in fighting alcohol while in other cases two or more drugs may be combined for the same course to help fighting alcohol dependence more effectively. Gabapentin can be used singly to fight alcohol dependence but it can also be combined with naltrexone for more effective action against alcohol dependence.

There are some research studies that have been done on this subject and findings published. In a July 11, 2011 Raymond F. Anton, MD, professor of psychiatry at the Medical University of South Carolina, and colleagues reported their findings in the July issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry.

The report indicated that the addition of gabapentin to naltrexone improved drinking outcomes compared with naltrexone alone in heavy drinkers during the first 6 weeks after they stopped drinking, but when the gabapentin was stopped the effects became the same in both groups, so this shows that gabapentin was indeed responsible for the positive effects.

“From work in mice and rats we know that the underlying biology of alcohol dependence, particularly alcohol withdrawal, is mediated by two neurotransmitters — GABA [gamma-aminobutyric acid] and glutamate. Alcohol use causes these neurotransmitters to be abnormal and, particularly during alcohol withdrawal, to cause significant symptoms,” Dr. Anton told Medscape Medical News.

“We knew that the drug gabapentin works through these systems to normalize the balance of the glutamate and GABA systems in the opposite direction to what alcohol does, and we had done previous studies with gabapentin in mice and in humans showing that it reduced the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. That led to our hypothesis that using gabapentin, particularly during the first 6 weeks of attempts at abstinence, might improve the efficacy of naltrexone,” he explained.

gabapentineThis study used randomly selected 150 alcohol dependent individuals who were put on a 16-week course of naltrexone, 50 mg/d alone; naltrexone, 50 mg/d, plus gabapentin up to 1200 mg/d for the first 6 weeks; or to double placebo. They also received medical management. Most of these participants were in their mid-forties. They were dependent on alcohol and drank 12-13 alcoholic drinks per day before the study entry. By week 6, about 50% of the individuals randomly assigned to placebo or naltrexone alone had a heavy drinking day, compared with about 35% of individuals who got naltrexone plus gabapentin. But by week 16 of the study, there were no differences between the groups. This show that gabapentin works better when combined with naltrexone than when naltrexone is used alone.

Dependence on alcohol and drugs is vice that has crippled societies and that is why here at AWAREmed we are dedicated to finding the best solutions to addiction and dependence on substances. Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is always in the mood of helping any patient to be addiction free. Do not hesitate to call on her for help in managing any sort of chronic pain as well as other diseases.

Gabapentin Is Useful In Fighting Alcohol Dependence

 

 

 

Facebooktwitterpinterestlinkedin

Buprenorphine and opioids

Buprenorphine as Opioid Receptor Antagonist

buprenorphineBuprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from thebaine. It is a pain killer and has gained a great deal of notoriety for its ability to interrupt severe opiate addiction, including heroin and methadone addictions. It got approved in 2002 by the FDA for use as an opiate addiction treatment. Dependence on pain drugs is common but very dangerous and that is why buprenorphine is of importance in fighting opioid independence.

Today, buprenorphine is being used in office based treatment of opioid dependent patients. Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist. Several clinical studies indicate buprenorphine is effective in managing opioid addiction and dependence. In all of the clinical tests Buprenorphine was found to be more effective than placebo for managing opioid addiction. However, it may not be superior to methadone incase high doses are needed. It is comparable to lower doses of methadone, however. When using buprenorphine, there are critical phases that must be followed. These phases include; include induction, stabilization, and maintenance. Experts advise that Buprenorphine therapy should be initiated at the onset of withdrawal symptoms and adjusted to address withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Advantages of buprenorphine include low abuse potential and high availability for office use. Disadvantages include high cost and possible lack of effectiveness in patients who require high methadone doses. Most family physicians are required to complete eight hours of training before they can prescribe buprenorphine for opioid addiction. Let’s get all the detailed facts here.

It is estimated that 898,000 adults in the United States are opioid dependent. Treating opioid dependence as a chronic disorder improves outcomes and opioid maintenance is the most effective way to decrease illicit use in patients who are addicted to opioids. Without opioid maintenance, it will be easy for any user of opiates for pain to be an addict of the same therefore various strategies must be put in place to exercise opioid maintenance for the safety of the patients. Over the past years Methadone has been the treatment of choice in the United States; however, methadone maintenance programs typically have stringent entrance criteria, long waiting lists, and primarily are located in urban areas. It has been verified that only 14 percent of patients who are addicted to opioids are treated in traditional methadone clinics. Research from the 1970s demonstrated that the analgesic buprenorphine (Subutex), a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist, may effectively treat patients with heroin addiction.

In the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 physicians are authorized to provide office-based treatment for opioid addiction. Through this act physicians are allowed to prescribe Schedule III, IV, or V “narcotic” medications that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with narcotic-use disorders. In 2002, buprenorphine and combination buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) was approved by the FDA to manage opioid dependence .It is therefore a legally usable drug that is available in health centers and clinics.

How to use

As stated earlier the Management of opioid addiction with buprenorphine can be divided into three phases: induction, stabilization, and maintenance. The induction phase includes the initial transition from illicit opioid use to buprenorphine and typically lasts three to seven days. Patient education is important during this phase and should emphasize the risk of precipitating withdrawal if buprenorphine is initiated too soon after opioid use. Generally, buprenorphine should be initiated 12 to 24 hours after short-acting opioid use and 24 to 48 hours after long-acting opioid use. It is preferable for most patients to use combination of buprenorphine/naloxone tablets.  It is however advised that pregnant women who are to use buprenorphine and some patients using long-acting opioids such as methadone should use the buprenorphine-only formulation. For those who are on long- acting opioid use, the methadone dose should be less than 30 mg and the patient should switch to the combination tablet after several days.

When the patient has shown opioid withdrawal symptoms, the initial doses should be administered under physician observation (4/1 mg buprenorphine/naloxone or 2 mg buprenorphine if the patient is dependent on a long-acting opioid). It is important for the physician to monitor the patient for precipitated withdrawal and excessive side effects like sedation). If the patient continues to exhibit signs of opioid withdrawal after two hours, another 4/1 mg dose of buprenorphine/naloxone should be administered. Patients who are dependent on long-acting opioids should receive 2 mg buprenorphine every one to two hours. The maximum recommended first-day dosage of buprenorphine is 8 to 12 mg. If the patient continues to show signs of withdrawal, the physician may administer adjunctive nonopioid and symptomatic treatments to help the situation.

Difference between methadone and morphine

There are some differences between methadone and morphine. Some of the differences lie in their costs and uses. Here are some of the differences.

Methadone is much cheaper as compared to morphine. For this reason many physicians favor methadone. Methadone also lasts longer than morphine- it lasts ten times longer than morphine. Methadone also lasts longer than morphine in the body. It takes 24 hours while morphine takes only 2-3 hours only in the body. However methadone should not be used for slight pain despite its availability and cheaper cost.

Another difference is that methadone is excreted through urine while morphine is excreted through the liver and bile ducts before its exit in the urine.

 

BuprenorphineThese drugs are also used in different situations. Methadone is mostly used after unsuccessful use of morphine or when the patient has a history of drug abuse. If tis patient is morphine it may lead to relapse hence methadone is considered safer than morphine. Morphine is addictive while methadone is not addictive.

Here at AWAREmed we are dedicated to finding the best solutions to chronic illnesses and that is why Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is always in the forefront advocating for integrative medicine since it is only through integrative medicine that a person can be healed wholly. Do not hesitate to call on her for help in managing any sort of chronic pain as well as other diseases.

 

Buprenorphine as Opioid Receptor Antagonist

 

Facebooktwitterpinterestlinkedin