Tag Archives: Food and Drug Administration

Could you be at risk for Prostate Cancer?

October 1, 2014

The Effect of Testosterone Level On Risk Of Prostate Cancer

Introduction

In this article, we shall examine the effect of testosterone level on the risk of prostate cancer. This has remained a subject of great controversy because of the divergent views that have been fronted. Basically the argument has been that using testosterone therapy on men who have been treated of prostate cancer in the past exposes them to the risk of developing the cancer afresh. The reason given for this has been that the therapy could reawaken sleeping cancer cells in the body of the patient, thus triggering a new and aggressive attack.

On the other end of the spectrum has been the argument that testosterone therapy is not necessarily associated with cancer recurrence. And there have been studies to support this. We shall look at both sets of arguments in detail.

Testosterone Therapy

This is a common form of therapy that is widely used to treat a number of complications in aging men. With the process of aging comes a sustained decline in the amount of testosterone in the body of men. A decline in the amount of testosterone in the body is associated with a number of problems. For instance, men at advanced ages usually experience decreased libido. This effect can be attributed to a complex interplay of hormones within the body which is triggered by a reduction in the amount of testosterone. In the same manner, symptoms such as general fatigue and even other forms of sexual dysfunction (apart from the low libido mentioned) have been treated by use of testosterone therapy.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is a common form of disease in men of advanced age. Although studies have indicated that the disease is able to affect men of even lower ages, it has been common for the disease to be associated with advanced age. The complex interaction between different factors in the body of men at advanced ages has been studies and the results have indicated that the risk of development of prostate cancer in men increases rapidly as they advance in age. So, with a decrease in the amount of testosterone, which automatically occurs with an increase in age, comes a rise in the risk for developing prostate cancer. Although this is true, it is worthwhile to mention that currently, studies are being conducted to determine whether the relationship is as a result of decline in testosterone levels in the prostate alone or the body as a whole.

Testosterone and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

For men who develop prostate cancer, the standard treatment procedure has been a radical reduction of the hormones in the body. This procedure has been used in many cases in which prostate cancer has developed and metastasized fully. However, studies have indicated that in some cases, prostate cancer is able to withstand such a treatment and recur in the future, if triggered by existence of the right conditions. The manner in which this occurs has been attributed to the ability of prostate cells to produce testosterone at a much higher level than before the hormone-reducing therapy was administered. What this means is that even if the amount of testosterone in the body of a patient is dramatically reduced by the procedure, the amount in the prostate remains the same, thus compensating for the loss. Therefore, when the right conditions are created, the cells that produce excess testosterone may develop into cancer cells.

Testosterone Therapy & Prostate Cancer

Standard procedure for tackling prostate cancer in men has been through surgery, chemotherapy and even immunotherapy. However, history and studies have indicated that when men who have been successfully treated of prostate cancer are exposed to testosterone therapy later in their lives, the possibility of the prostate cancer reoccurring is highly increased. If this is so, then testosterone therapy becomes dangerous for men who have been successfully treated of prostate cancer before.

However, there have been arguments to the contrary. Since a lot of studies have been conducted on this matter, we summarize the most important points here as follows.

First, although some studies have indicated that giving the therapy to men who have been successfully treated of prostate cancer exposes them to the risk of developing the disease afresh, the degree of risk remains minimal, at the best. Since the association has not been firmly established, the balance of probability has been that whether or not to administer the treatment to such patients depends on the judgment of the specialist. It is safe to say that the outcome of using testosterone therapy in men who have undergone successful treatment of prostate cancer cannot be predicted with certainty.

Second, there has been evidence to suggest that men with low levels of testosterone are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those having normal testosterone levels. Therefore, if such men seek testosterone therapy in the future the risk of developing the cancer remains. This is so because testosterone therapy is not used as a prostate cancer treatment method.

Concluding remarks

AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center has been established as a leading center for cancer treatment. We offer our clients a wide range of services in relation to cancer diagnosis, treatment and general management. Feel free to contact Dr. Dalal Akoury, a leading specialist in alternative and complementary treatment of cancer, for an appointment.

The Effect of Testosterone Level on Risk Of Prostate Cancer

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Naltrexone and Alcoholism

September 30, 2014

Naltrexone promising for alcoholism and SUD

NaltrexonePeople addicted to alcohol and other substances may have certain behavioral changes that are not healthy for them and even for the people they live amongst. This therefore means that specific actions should be taken to offer them assistance as they fight addiction to be able to quite these unhealthy cognitive behaviors. Most people addicted to alcoholism and other substances of abuse will experience dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes. All these need to be addressed to help the person to overcome. There are several therapies that can be used either singly or in collaboration with other therapies to help in this process. One of these therapies is the cognitive behavioral therapy often shortened as CBT.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for substance use disorders has demonstrated efficacy when used as a monotherapy as well as when used with other treatment strategies.  There are articles that have been written that support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy, clinical elements of its application, novel treatment strategies for improving treatment response, and dissemination efforts. Although CBT for substance abuse is characterized by heterogeneous treatment elements such as operant learning strategies, cognitive and motivational elements, and skills building interventions across protocols several core elements emerge that focus on overcoming the powerfully reinforcing effects of psychoactive substances.  Apart from CBT there are also other methods that are used in treating people that are alcohol and other substances dependence. One of these options is the use of Naltrexone.

What is Naltrexone?

Naltrexone is a synthetic drug that is similar to morphine. It is used in treatment of alcohol and heroine addictions. It works by blocking opiate receptors in the nervous system. It helps people to stay away from alcohol as it lowers the cravings for alcohol.

Naltrexone is a medication that is FDA-approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Meta-analyses of studies on the impact of Naltrexone medication has demonstrated positive effects on outcomes this treatment was found to work even better in helping the addicts to abstain from taking alcohol. Based on the accumulated evidence of the effectiveness of this medication it received strong recommendations as evidence-based treatments for alcohol dependence in the National Quality Forum’s National Voluntary Consensus Standards for the Treatment of Substance Use Conditions, as well as the VA/Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Based on these guideline recommendations, the “VA Uniform Mental Health Services Handbook” states that naltrexone and another drug known as acamprosate should be offered and be made available to all Veterans diagnosed with alcohol dependence, if not medically contraindicated. Also noteworthy is that a recent meta-analysis of seven placebo-controlled randomized trials of a newer medication, topiramate, found it had a more positive overall effect size than that from the first seven trials of naltrexone. This therefore makes it is a very promising medication.

However with all the accumulated evidence, clinical practice guideline recommendations, and VA policy, implementation of these medications within the VA healthcare system has been low overall, and highly variable. Among the more than 200,000 VA patients with a documented alcohol dependence diagnosis, less than 6% have received an approved medication. The majority of VA patients with alcohol dependence diagnoses (65%) are never seen in specialty substance use disorder clinics. However, even among those seen in specialty clinics, prescribing rates remain below 10%, with rates varying from 0% to 21% across facilities. Extremely low prescribing rates and significant variation across facilities suggest that significant gaps exist in access to these medications. Owing to their effectiveness they should be made available to every patient.

In most cases the medications for alcohol and substance abuse dependence are approached as cocktail where various strategies are used in treatment of the patient. It is however recommended that naltrexone should be part of the treatment offered and made available to patients with alcohol dependence. This is because of their effectiveness in fighting alcohol as well as other substances dependence

The role of naloxone rescue in Heroin users

Naloxone is a drug that has found favor with most health experts owing to its effectiveness in fighting heroin overdose. For WHO it is an essential drug. The use of naloxone in health institutions is legal since it is approved by food and drug act (FDA).  Not long ago, the Food and Drug Administration approved a new hand-held auto-injector of naloxone. This device may be of great help to family members of heroin addicts as well as caregivers.

How does it work?

NaltrexoneIn case of and heroin overdose, the respiratory and central nervous systems are depressed to life-threatening levels and the addict may stop breathing. When this happens is no action is taken the patient may die. So when the person is treated with naloxone the drug will block the heroine receptors hence making it impossible for it to bind on the receptors that are located in the brain and spinal cord.

Finally, dependence to any substance is dangerous and so should be fought seriously. Here at AWAREmed we are dedicated to finding the best solutions to all addicts and that is why Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is always in the forefront advocating for integrative medicine since it is only through integrative medicine that a person can be healed wholly. Do not hesitate to call on her for help in managing any sort of drug addiction as well as other diseases.

Naltrexone promising for alcoholism and SUD

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Dextromethorphan (DXM) As a Drug of Abuse

September 25, 2014

Dextromethorphan (DXM) As a Drug of Abuse

Dextromethorphan (DXM)As a known fact, most of the drugs that are now commonly abused began as clinical drugs. There are clinical drugs that might have recreational properties in that when a person takes more than recommended dosage he may experience some of the effects of the drug. These may include hallucination and euphoria. For this reason these drugs can be misused in large scale if measures are not taken to strictly regulate their use. Dextromethorphan is one of the drugs that have been used in clinical setup but are known to be rich in recreational properties.

Dextromethorphan (DXM) was used as a cough depressant in the past. Most of the over the counter cough medicines has it as an ingredient. It works in these drugs as an antitussive (cough suppressant) and expectorant in other words it works as an agent that promotes the removal of mucus from the respiratory tract. It also has other medical uses. These may include the temporary relief of sinus congestion, runny nose, cough, sneezing, itching of the nose and throat, and watery eyes caused by hay fever, allergies, cold, or flu (influenza). In fact most of the over the counter cough medication has DXM as the most active component. When the recommended dose is taken, DXM has few adverse side effects, and has a long history of safety and effectiveness. However when taken in huge doses beyond the description it has some serious side effects. It causes hazy images and poor vision plus it also causes hallucinations. This drug, owing to its hallucinatory effects has been highly abused.

Over the past few years, cases related to use of DXM for non-medical purposes has risen and still very many people are using this drug for all the wrong reasons. Experts opine that the rise in abuse of this drug is attributed to the ease of purchasing nonprescription cough drugs from drug stores and in the internet. The drug is also legal and so even those who use it for wrong purpose are not afraid of the authorities even if they are found to be in possession of DXM. This gives it a more reason to be used as opposed to other hallucinogens that are considered illegal in most states. The FDA approves the use of DXM for medicinal purposes basing on the fact that when it is used within the prescribed doses then it can not cause any health hazard. However, it can be a damaging substance. Recreational users intentionally exceed suggested doses to experience a sense of heightened perceptual awareness, altered time perception, and/or visual hallucinations. Also, users often abuse the drug in combination with other drugs. The interaction between DXM and other substances e.g., alcohol, acetaminophen, MDMA/ecstasy, and other OTC cough medicines. When DXM is used with other drugs for recreational purposes, it produces a synergistic effect that can be very dangerous. Ingredients of cough medicines other than DXM, like acetaminophen, are extremely hazardous when consumed in high doses and can cause liver damage, heart attack, stroke, and death. For these reasons it is very important to restrict oneself to the prescribed dosage to avoid all the other undesirable effects.

DXM as Sigma receptors agonists

This drug works in a number ways in suppressing coughs. Firstly it has pharmacodynamic similarities to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine. It is used as a cough depressant as it has been found to be effective yet very safe when used within the required doses. However this drug does not bind on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors only but also binds to sigma-1 (σ1) receptors, which are believed to be protein targets for a potential new class of antidepressant medications.

Due to its hallucinatory effects it has become abused in that instead being used for medicinal purposes people now use it as a recreational drug. When taken a person will experience visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness, often experienced as pleasurable and illuminating. This intense feeling of happiness and euphoria is what make many people to abuse DXM. It takes a person to a mental trip where every boundary of the mind seems overcome. However in case of overdose with the good feelings of happiness and euphoria a person may get feelings of anxiety and revulsion after using DXM. However there are other side effects associated with it.

Dextromethorphan (DXM)

Dextromethorphan side effects

Every drug has a side effect when abused. However the drugs will induce different reactions in people. As for DXM, it is very safe when used within the prescribed doses. However when a person uses this drugs in higher doses he will have to go through certain problems that are induced by the drug. There is however an innocent unintentional overdose under which a person may suffer such symptoms as; difficulty breathing, swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.  When this happens, you should stop using dextromethorphan and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: severe dizziness, anxiety, restless feeling, or nervousness, confusion, hallucinations and slow, shallow breathing.

Apart from the unintentional overdose that may be termed accidental a person may overdose to get the feelings of euphoria and hallucinations from this drug. However this may result in serious health problems both short-term and long-term.

Finally, Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is an experienced doctor who has been in the frontline fighting drug addiction. He runs a website that equips readers of better ways to overcome not only drug addiction but also serious health problems that have caused nightmares to the world population. Get in touch with her today and learn more.

Dextromethorphan (DXM) As a Drug of Abuse

 

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September 24, 2014

The Effect of Testosterone Level On Risk Of Prostate Cancer


TestosteroneIntroduction In this article, we shall examine the effect of testosterone level on the risk of prostate cancer. This has remained a subject of great controversy because of the divergent views that have been fronted. Basically the argument has been that using testosterone therapy on men who have been treated of prostate cancer in the past exposes them to the risk of developing the cancer afresh. The reason given for this has been that the therapy could reawaken sleeping cancer cells in the body of the patient, thus triggering a new and aggressive attack. On the other end of the spectrum has been the argument that testosterone therapy is not necessarily associated with cancer recurrence. And there have been studies to support this. We shall look at both sets of arguments in detail.

Testosterone therapy

This is a common form of therapy that is widely used to treat a number of complications in aging men. With the process of aging comes a sustained decline in the amount of testosterone in the body of men. A decline in the amount of testosterone in the body is associated with a number of problems. For instance, men at advanced ages usually experience decreased libido. This effect can be attributed to a complex interplay of hormones within the body which is triggered by a reduction in the amount of testosterone. In the same manner, symptoms such as general fatigue and even other forms of sexual dysfunction (apart from the low libido mentioned) have been treated by use of testosterone therapy. Prostate cancer Prostate cancer is a common form of disease in men of advanced age. Although studies have indicated that the disease is able to affect men of even lower ages, it has been common for the disease to be associated with advanced age. The complex interaction between different factors in the body of men at advanced ages has been studies and the results have indicated that the risk of development of prostate cancer in men increases rapidly as they advance in age. So, with a decrease in the amount of testosterone, which automatically occurs with an increase in age, comes a rise in the risk for developing prostate cancer. Although this is true, it is worthwhile to mention that currently, studies are being conducted to determine whether the relationship is as a result of decline in testosterone levels in the prostate alone or the body as a whole.

Testosterone and treatment of prostate cancer

For men who develop prostate cancer, the standard treatment procedure has been a radical reduction of the hormones in the body. This procedure has been used in many cases in which prostate cancer has developed and metastasized fully. However, studies have indicated that in some cases, prostate cancer is able to withstand such a treatment and recur in the future, if triggered by existence of the right conditions. The manner in which this occurs has been attributed to the ability of prostate cells to produce testosterone at a much higher level than before the hormone-reducing therapy was administered. What this means is that even if the amount of testosterone in the body of a patient is dramatically reduced by the procedure, the amount in the prostate remains the same, thus compensating for the loss. Therefore, when the right conditions are created, the cells that produce excess testosterone may develop into cancer cells.

Testosterone therapy and prostate cancer

Standard procedure for tackling prostate cancer in men has been through surgery, chemotherapy and even immunotherapy. However, history and studies have indicated that when men who have been successfully treated of prostate cancer are exposed to testosterone therapy later in their lives, the possibility of the prostate cancer reoccurring is highly increased. If this is so, then testosterone therapy becomes dangerous for men who have been successfully treated of prostate cancer before. However, there have been arguments to the contrary. Since a lot of studies have been conducted on this matter, we summarize the most important points here as follows. First, although some studies have indicated that giving the therapy to men who have been successfully treated of prostate cancer exposes them to the risk of developing the disease afresh, the degree of risk remains minimal, at the best. Since the association has not been firmly established, the balance of probability has been that whether or not to administer the treatment to such patients depends on the judgment of the specialist. It is safe to say that the outcome of using testosterone therapy in men who have undergone successful treatment of prostate cancer cannot be predicted with certainty. Second, there has been evidence to suggest that men with low levels of testosterone are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to those having normal testosterone levels. Therefore, if such men seek testosterone therapy in the future the risk of developing the cancer remains. This is so because testosterone therapy is not used as a prostate cancer treatment method.

TestosteroneConcluding remarks

AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center has been established as a leading center for cancer treatment. We offer our clients a wide range of services in relation to cancer diagnosis, treatment and general management. Feel free to contact Dr. Dalal Akoury, a leading specialist in alternative and complementary treatment of cancer, for an appointment.

 

 

The Effect of Testosterone Level on Risk Of Prostate Cancer

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Using Naltrexone To Treat Addiction Relapse

September 19, 2014

Using Naltrexone To Decrease Alcohol Relapse

Annually, around 1.5 million people in the USA seek treatment for alcohol and its related problems. In 1994, naltrexone became approved for the treatment of alcoholism by the U.S. FDA. Naltrexone works by blocking opioid receptors found in the brain as well as stemming the endorphin-mediated reinforcing effects of drinking alcohol. There is great  evidence to suggest and prove  that naltrexone has power to significantly reduce alcohol relapses to heavy drinking, the frequency of drinking, quantity of alcohol consumed  by  those who do drink, and also alcohol craving. Naltrexone is vitally beneficial in helping those patients who cannot abstain so as to reduce their drinking patterns, breaking the vicious self-destructive cycle of alcoholics which causes one to drink one drink which leads to the other together with allowing more quality time for psychosocial therapy to be productive. Naltrexone has demonstrated efficiency in a various alcohol-treatment settings using adjunctive psychosocial therapies that provide patients with motivation to stay in treatment, overcome relapses, and also take medications. Individualized and flexible naltrexone dosing can be of great benefit. Longer-term naltrexone therapy exceeding more than three months may be most effective, and naltrexone might be used on an as-needed, “targeted,” basis indefinitely. Alcohol is a very complex substance that affects several chemical systems in the brain.  It is presumed that, when an alcoholic drinks, the brain’s opioid system releases endorphins that trigger the reinforcement that is responsible for enticing one to drink more. Unlike other drugs that were earlier used to treat alcoholism, naltrexone is not addictive in nature and composition and does not in any way react aversively with alcohol.

Natraxene

·        Monthly naltrexone injection to control alcoholism

A monthly dose of Naltrexone, under different trade names, is already in use to treat alcoholism. The monthly dose is   a more convenient approach than current daily oral doses. Using naltrexone combined with counseling could help reduce heavy drinking in people suffering from alcoholism. Because of problems with adhering to daily oral doses of naltrexone, the effectiveness found in treating alcohol dependence with a once-a-month injection of naltrexone improves long-term treatment results. According to a previous study in 2005, naltrexone showed efficiency for treatment of alcohol dependence. However, adherence to daily oral doses can be hectic, and therefore, utilization of oral naltrexone have been limited.

·         Naltrexone should be used with caution in patients with liver disease

For a person suffering from hepatitis or liver failure, naltrexone should not be prescribed.it is recommended that liver function tests such as ALT, AST, gamma glutamyltransferase and bilirubin must be conducted before naltrexone treatment begins and at intervals after the treatment begins. In healthy patients without liver disease, intervals of 1, 3, and 6 month scan be ideal for the tests, then yearly thereafter. Liver function tests should be performed more frequently especially if baseline liver function test results are high, a history of hepatic disease is confirmed, or if a potential hepatotoxic medication is prescribed and if the patient is taking doses higher than 50 mg/day. Naltrexone should be used cautiously in patients whose serum aminotransferase results are greater than five times the upper limit of normal. 

  • Cannot be used for people using opioid for pain management

A careful drug use history and urine toxicological screening should also be done so as to confirm abstinence from opioids, including prescribed pain medications, as well as a lack of opioid dependence before initiating treatment. Comprehensive urine tests should be carried out to measure methadone and other opioids. However, urine testing can be subject to error because typical urine screening tests may not cover all opioids and samples can be tampered with to affect the results.

It is important to note that Administration of naltrexone should not be initiated until the patient has been opioid-free for between 7 to 10 days and that the naloxone challenge test for opioid withdrawal is negative. If no abstinence signs are observed following a preliminary dose of naltrexone 25mg, the rest of the daily dose is administered. Maintenance treatment regimen with naltrexone can be flexible where patients may receive naltrexone 50mg on weekdays and 100mg on Saturday or 100mg every other day, or 150mg every third day. Naltrexone is not suitable for use in patients with acute hepatitis or liver failure and should not be used in patients receiving opioid analgesics. The major active effect of naltrexone is on opioid drugs, which is one class of drugs used primarily to treat pain but is also found in some prescription cough preparations. This is because Naltrexone will block the effect of normal doses of this type of drug. There are many non-narcotic pain relievers that can be used effectively while you are undergoing treatment with naltrexone. Anyway, naltrexone is likely to have little impact on other medications patients commonly used in patients such as non-opioid analgesics (e.g., aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen) and antibiotics, and allergy medications.one should inform a physician of whatever medication he or she is currently taking so that possible interactions can be examined. Since naltrexone is metabolized by the liver, treatments that affect liver function may influence the dose of naltrexone.

naltrexone

A point to note is that naltrexone neither reduces the effects of alcohol that impair coordination nor judgment. Also Naltrexone’s effects on blocking opioids occurs shortly after the first dose is administered. Furthermore, findings confirm that the effects of naltrexone in helping patients remain abstinent and avoid relapse to alcohol use also occur early. However, Naltrexone should not be used with expectant women, people with liver or kidney damage or with patients who cannot practice abstinence for at least 5 days prior to commencing treatment. Also, people who are dependent on opioids such as heroin or morphine must cease their drug use at least 7 days prior to starting naltrexone.

Other than side effects, which are usually for a short period as well as mild, patients normally report that they are unaware of feelings of being on this medication. Naltrexone usually has no psychological effects and patients do not feel funny. It is also not addictive. While it reduces alcohol craving, it does not interfere with the experience of other types of pleasure.

Using Naltrexone To Decrease Alcohol Relapse

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