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The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking

September 2, 2015

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: The role of nicotine in pain

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking

understanding the association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking is very key to finding lasting solutions to all pains that are associated with all forms of addiction

Pain is one thing that no one would wish to be associated with in life. It may not matter whether the pain is physical or emotional so long as it is causing an individual pain. What surprises many is that while we complain of pain we often engage in certain behaviors that facilitate and inflict pain in our lives. Take for instance the association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking, you may not be surprised seeing a smoker complaining of pain in the body that he or she has inflicted in their lives. This is what we want to discuss primary to create awareness about the link between chronic pain and cigarette smoking. This is something you don’t want to miss because all of us are either directly or indirectly affected by way of secondary smoke. To take us through the discussion, we are going to be talking to doctor Dalal Akoury (MD) a veteran addiction expert of several decades and also the founder of AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center a facility that is researching and offering lasting solutions to all people globally who are struggling with all kinds of addictions. Therefore let us progress into the discussion by responding to this question, why does smoking worsen pain? Professionally doctor Akoury explains that smoking cigarette will affect your body in many different ways. Those who smoke are at greater risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases, it also stains your teeth, damages your lungs, wrinkles your skin and most importantly it changes how your body perceives and react to pain. Doctor Akoury shares with us some of the reasons why cigarette smoking has direct impact in worsening your chronic pain.

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: Effects of smoking on the proper blood flow

We are all conversant with the fact that the blood is playing a key role in transporting various elements that are necessary for the proper functionality of the body across the body parts. This role is seriously hampered by smoking. As a matter of fact smoking is one of the most harmful effects of in your body since it narrows your blood vessels thereby restricting the blood floor. Experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center while studying the effects of smoking has established that the nicotine found in cigarette smoke causes the blood vessels to shrink and as a result of that you’re the body of such individual is deprived of oxygen and other essential nutrients that are very vital for the body proper functionality. The restricted flow of blood causes damage to your musculoskeletal tissues by depriving it with oxygen.

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: Nicotine alters your pain perception

Besides constricting the blood vessels, it is also very important to appreciate that nicotine is also a strong stimulant. Doctor Akoury says that being a strong stimulant, it will affect how your brain reacts to stimuli. Also take note that smoking will trigger your brain to react in such a way that it processes physical stimuli differently and perceives pain more acutely. And this explains why in many instances smokers are more sensitive to pain and reacts more quickly than nonsmokers.

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: Smoking decreases effectiveness of pain medication

When we are under pain ordinarily your doctor may prescribe for you some pain relievers medication. These medications are necessary to the specified doses recommended by your physician. Nonetheless when it comes to smokers they are more likely to require slightly higher dosage of painkillers and analgesic to ease pain compared to the nonsmokers. And doctor Akoury I further raising the red flag that with restricted blood flow, your medication cannot work properly in containing the pain inflicted on you either because of cigarette smoking or otherwise.

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: Smoking makes you anxious

According to the experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under the able leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury, stress is a natural depressant capable of lowers your body’s defenses against diseases and other illnesses. Smoking impacts negatively by preventing your body from healing itself and remember that the weaker your body is, the harder it is for your body to recover from chronic pain.

Even though pain may be quite unpleasant to the body, it also plays a significant role in communicating to your body any wrong thing that may need to be fixed in good time. The tightness, tingling, or stiffness you feel is only trying to pass a message to you that overworked or damaged nerves and muscles need your attention. Persistent pain lasting 3 months or more is considered chronic. Most cases of chronic pain will have unidentifiable causes. Nevertheless, smoking appears to aggravate such debilitating condition. Doctor Akoury is registering that chronic pain is more common among smokers and that is according to a study which has revealed that smokers are more at risk of chronic pain than nonsmokers. Bigger populations of respondents who have reported to have experienced severe pains in the past that have prevented them from going to work or pursuing their hobbies are smokers. They normally complain of severe pain in their neck, shoulders, lower back, elbows and knees. Therefore if you are one of them and wondering on where to start from, wonder no more and schedule for an appointment with doctor Dalal Akoury today for a more elaborate treatment plan that will not only five you’re your life back but will also cause you to experience comfort beyond reproach.

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: Why would a chronic smoker have difficulty breathing?

Finally doctor Akoury says that chronic smokers often have difficulty breathing because they develop Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder, or COPD. The two diseases that fall under that category are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. In emphysema, the alveoli lose the elasticity and break down due to inflammation from the cigarette smoke. Essentially at this point the patient begins to lose their ability to obtain oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide and other gases. In chronic bronchitis, breathing becomes more difficult due to narrowed airways and increased production of mucus, which obstruct airflow. Both of these diseases are serious and will progressively get worse over time. It therefore means that is something is not done in good time smokers can develop lung cancer and other cancers, which can also obstruct airflow and also lead to difficulty breathing. All these put together brings to board the clear association between chronic pain and smoking which must be dealt with professionally by experts from AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center.

The association between chronic pain and cigarette smoking: The role of nicotine in pain

 

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The frustrations of drinking problems and denial

August 17, 2015

The frustrations of drinking problems and denial: Are you almost alcoholic?

The frustrations of drinking problems and denialEven though alcohol consumption is legally acceptable in all societies, the frustrations of drinking problems and denial by alcohol consumers is becoming an impediment in the effort of alcohol addiction management. According to the experts from AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under the able leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury’s care, denial is one of the biggest obstacles when it comes to getting help for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Professionally it has been established that the desire to drink is so strong that the mind finds many ways to rationalize drinking, even when the consequences are obvious. By keeping you from looking honestly at your behavior and its negative effects, denial also exacerbates alcohol-related problems with work, finances, and relationships. When an addict is in denial, treatment becomes very difficult and that is why before any treatment can be administered, it is always very vital that the patients gets to acknowledge the existence of the problem and be willing to be helped fix the problem. Doctor Akoury is pointing out at certain pointers that allude to the fact that one is in denial as we progressed into the discussion as follows:

The frustrations of drinking problems and denial: If you have a drinking problem, you may deny it by

  • Extremely underestimating how much you drink
  • Downplaying and underrating the negative consequences of your drinking to your health and that of your loved ones
  • Complaining that family and friends are exaggerating the problem
  • Blaming your drinking or drinking-related problems on others

When it comes to denial, users will always have a host of reason to validate their position of drinking. But the question is will this change the facts about their drinking habits? Certainly not and just take a close look around you and you will notice that our surrounding offers a lot more elements to pass the blame on. It will not surprise you to have an addicted alcoholic refusing to acknowledge the fact that they have a problem by blaming it on their ‘unfair and un accommodative boss’ for trouble at work or the married men passing it on their ‘nagging wife’ for your marital issues. These are common grounds for denial says doctor Dalal Akoury. Instead of them looking at the real problem which is their drinking habit as a contributing factor to the problem, they would rather lean on someone or something. Doctor Akoury is confirming that while elements like work environment, relationship, and financial stresses do happen to everyone, an overall pattern of deterioration and blaming others may be a sign of serious trouble and should not be overlooked. Therefore if you find yourself rationalizing your drinking habits, lying about them, or refusing to discuss the subject, it is very important that you take a moment to consider why you’re being so defensive. Remember that if you truly believe that you don’t have a problem, there should be no reason for you to cover up your drinking or make excuses says doctor Akoury.

The frustrations of drinking problems and denial:  Myths about alcoholism and alcohol abuse

Another serious problem that may bring the frustration of drinking problem and denial is that of myths or concoctions. There are so many myths around drinking and we are going to share with you just but a few as follows:

I can stop drinking anytime I want to – How I wish that this was true but more likely, you can’t but the bottom line is that this is yet another excuse to keep drinking. The truth is you don’t want to stop. By telling yourself that you can quit makes you feel in control, despite all evidence to the contrary and no matter the damage it’s doing.

My drinking is my problem. I’m the one it hurts, so no one has the right to tell me to stop – Doctor Akoury agrees with you that it’s true that the decision to quit drinking is up to you. But the truth is you are deceiving yourself if you think that your drinking hurts no one else but you. Alcoholism affects everyone around you and especially the people closest to you. Your problem is their problem.

I don’t drink every day, so I can’t be an alcoholic OR I only drink wine or beer, so I can’t be an alcoholic – Remember that alcoholism is NOT defined by what you drink, when you drink it, or even how much you drink. It’s all about the EFFECTS of your drinking that define a problem. Therefore if your drinking is causing problems in your home or work life, you have a drinking problem it therefore means that whether you drink daily or only on the weekends, down shots of tequila or stick to wine, drink three bottles of beers a day or three bottles of whiskey if they produce the negative effects then you have a problem which needs to be fixed.

I’m not an alcoholic because I have a job and I’m doing okay – You don’t have to be homeless and drinking out of a brown paper bag to be an alcoholic. Many alcoholics are able to hold down jobs, get through school, and provide for their families. Some are even able to excel. But just because you’re a high-functioning alcoholic doesn’t mean you’re not putting yourself or others in danger. Over time, the effects will catch up with you.

Drinking is not a “real” addiction like drug abuse – Alcohol is a drug, and alcoholism is every bit as damaging as drug addiction. Alcohol addiction causes changes in the body and brain, and long-term alcohol abuse can have devastating effects on your health, your career and your relationships. Alcoholics go through physical withdrawal when they stop drinking, just like drug users do when they quit.

Finally alcohol is a killer substance and the fact that it is legally consumable even makes it more dangerous. The little controls put by different authorities are very inconsequential when it comes to the real damages associated with alcohol abuse. We have discussed a lot but believe you me your health must come first and not the little pleasure you get when taking alcohol with your friends. Experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under the able leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury care illustrates this with the wise say that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. Therefore you can either begin the journey of destruction by taking the first sip or start the recovery journey by acknowledging that you have a problem that needs to be fixes and then calling doctor Akoury to schedule for an appointment with her for the commencement of your recovery journey.

The frustrations of drinking problems and denial: Are you almost alcoholic?

 

 

 

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Why some food stuff motivates food addiction

August 8, 2015

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction: When the food you feed on becomes the problem to your health

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction? Responding to the root cause of food addiction is very fundamental in containing all the triggers of food addiction.

Ordinarily we need food to supply our bodies with energy it needs to function well. Food is actually healthy for the body and we cannot do without it. And even though food is necessary for our lives, when we do not take some of these food stuff well they can be the cause of our health problems. In other words when we over eat we are likely to become overweight or obese and on the other side if we take inadequate food consistently we risk being malnourished and underweight conditions which can lead to serious health complications. It is on that back drop that we want to take time and consult with the experts from AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under the able leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury a renowned veteran addiction expert of several decades. It is regrettable that in many cases overweight people are often seen or believed to be either going through this because of their laziness or that they just don’t have the will power to actively operate normally. This analogy is actually misleading because the choice of food one feeds on, when they feed on it and the frequencies of exercise you do will affect your weight significantly. Doctor Akoury is explaining that some of the food stuffs that were previously ignored may actually the drivers of an addiction in our lives. It is because of this reason that we want to benefit from doctor Dalal Akoury in the discussion of the topic “why some food stuff motivates food addiction in our societies.” And some of such food stuff may include: chocolate, sugar, cheese, milk and meat. The question that will now follow is that, how are they causing addiction? Let us now respond to that as we progress into the discussion as follows:

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction: Chocolate

From various studies experts have now established that chocolate stimulates the very same part of the brain just in the same way as opiate drugs does. It therefore means that chocolate even though it is food, it acts in the same way a drug producing food addiction that causes us to crave for more food. This will then continue and before we realize, we are on the road to being addicted to chocolate. According to the experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center we all have a duty to be on the watch out and therefore emphasis should be made to everybody that food addiction is a serious issue and must be given all the due attention lest things get out of hand. Remember that chocolate as food contains other stimulant drugs like caffeine, theobromine and pheylethylamine and according to expert’s chocolate is not just a drug but a whole drug store wrapped up in one.

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction: Cheese

We have now seen how chocolate can be a serious threat to addiction and that immediate attention must be taken expeditiously if we are to kick off addiction from our societies. Now besides chocolate, experts have established that it is not just chocolate that brings food addiction. However when people who were consuming meat and other dairy products are stopped from consuming the same, the yearning for cheese was described as a “deep seated craving” that stayed with them much longer than their compulsion for other foods. Researchers also found a chemical in cow’s milk similar to morphine, and after testing it repeatedly, they discovered that it was, in fact, morphine. It was only a trace amount, and not all the samples contained the chemical in recognizable levels, but there was indeed a small amount of morphine in cow’s milk.

Therefore assuming that the morphine must have come from the cows’ diets, researches were actually shocked to find that the cows actually made traces of it within their bodies, along with codeine and other opiates that were produced in their livers. Besides the findings were equally surprising to learn that cow’s milk (and the milk of any species) contains the protein, casein that breaks down during the digestion process, and releases other opiate-like compounds called casomorphins. What does this have to with cheese? Casein is concentrated in cheese. So we have the makings of another possible food addiction.

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction: Milk

From the illustrations and explanations above, the question that rings in everyone’s mind would be why are there traces of morphine in milk? (Actually, it’s not some environmental problem.) Scientists believe that the mother’s milk has a relaxing effect on the baby, and this drug-like effect on the brain is responsible for the bonding that is necessary, for the baby to get the nutrition he needs. In one of the studies, researchers gave volunteers yogurt and skim milk, and found that the casein (milk opiates) not only acted within the digestive tract, but some of the fragments actually entered the bloodstream, with direct access to the brain. The effect was greatest about 40 minutes after eating. And as we had mentioned before, cheese has more casein than other dairy products. (Recent studies have found that meat also stimulates the brain’s pleasure centers.) To further prove their theory, researchers found that when volunteers were given naloxone, (a drug that blocks opiates, used in the treatment of heroin and morphine overdoses), their desire for cheese, meat, chocolate, and other addictive foods was greatly decreased.

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction: Sugar

In addition, scientists have discovered that fast foods, like hamburgers and fries, may also be responsible for food addictions. The high fat and carbohydrate content causes changes in the brain that are normally correlated with drug addiction, (and the result is food addiction.) Sugar and fat stimulates the release of natural opiates in the brain, and may be triggering the same response as heroin. After giving rats a diet that was one quarter sugar, he abruptly withdrew the sugar, and the rats went into high anxiety mode, experiencing trembling and teeth chattering, similar to the effects that occur during morphine or nicotine withdrawal. So, in review, the sugar produced the same withdrawal effects that highly addictive drugs do.

Finally doctor Dalal Akoury says that food addiction plays an enormous role in our eating habits, when we’re depressed, tired, lonely, anxious, worried, fearful, etc. we often run to the addictive food of choice. People may be different and for many people, it is chocolate and sugar, with carbohydrates following close behind, which is particularly bad and that, explains why diabetic is rising. Certain foods act as drugs, because our body responds to the natural opiates in them, just as it would to drug opiates. As we experience these effects over and over, we may develop a food addiction. Therefore if you are suspecting any possibility of an addiction of whatever form or kind, you will need to take treatment action promptly so that you can be help with less or just minimal pain. Talking to doctor Akoury should be your staring point and therefore you can schedule for an appointment with her today for the commencement of your recovery process.

Why some food stuff motivates food addiction: When the food you feed on becomes the problem to your health

 

 

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Young U.S. Women Are The New Face Of Heroin Use

July 23, 2015

Young U.S. Women: New Face Of Heroin Use

Heroin use in the United States (U.S) like in other parts of the world has been predominantly men. The few women found in this category have been those in the inner city, rich and spoilt. However this is fast changing. Within this past decade heroin use has hit a staggering 62%. In 2005 heroin use was reportedly slightly over 1.6% in every 1000 Americans, aged 12 and over. In 2015 however the percentage went up somewhere above 2.6% per a similar number in U.S.

The rate of heroin use doubled that of men in a similar period. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the percentage gradually increased from a mere 0.8% back in the year 2002 to 1.6% women alone. According to the report, the face of heroin use has changed from a stern faced man in the city unexpectedly to a young beautiful woman in the suburb. The report also indicated heroin-related deaths have hit of 300 percent.

heroin-addiction

Increasing Heroin Use in Women a Result of Pain Killer Prescriptions

The report pointed out different groups in the U.S. that have never been known to use heroin have been lured into the same in more recent times. It indicates a leading group of increasingly heroin users are women, those with higher incomes and private insurance. In as much as the net of heroin use reportedly caught indiscriminately across gender and societal status, many experts agree women have become more vulnerable to the increasingly available substance. Dr Dalal Akoury of Integrative Addiction Institute notes there is more than a double increase in number of heroin-related cases of addictions among women than men lately as opposed to some years back.

The increase of heroin use among women has however been attributed to increased pain killer prescriptions for a number of related complicated medical conditions over time. Various experts argue this happened gradually over time. “I suspect it’s been a more of a gradual thing, because more women have been exposed to pain medication for various problems. They have developed first an opiate addiction then have moved on to heroin,” said Onsrud, a consultant on Addiction Services at the Mayo Clinic.

Form Heroin Task Force to Fight Increasing Use

Various authorities argue the war on heroin use has been in existence for some time, with a few successes however it has continued to increase. In La Crosse County, the officials noticed heroin use was getting out of hand and decided to face it head-on. They formed the little known La Crosse County Heroin Task Force.

“We noticed heroin use had increased as early as the year 2010-2011,” said Al Bliss, then the task force coordinator. However he noted even at that, a lot more still has to be done. “I think we’ve made some end roads at decreasing availability of heroin but it still remains a problem,” added Bliss.

The task force coordinator also said in order to curb the menacing heroin problem, communities needed to form programs more or less similar to the Heroin Task Force so as to get like-minded people working together at attaining a single determined goal. “We need to further educate the community in offering help, treatment, and preventive care; and to conduct a lot of awareness in order to address the comprehensive problem of drug abuse,” he said.

Heroin Use

Substance Addiction Increasing Heroin Use

In a separate interview, Dr. Akoury echoed Mr. Bliss’s earlier observations; she said people suffering from substance abuse are more likely to form a habit of popping in pills. She added they are more susceptible to heroin use. A number of studies and medical reports also support this claim. One commonly cited study indicates alcohol and cigarette smokers have a higher chance of about 5 times their fellows who do not. The CDC report actually indicated 96% of heroin users used at least one more addictive drug. Also, that 61% of the heroin users used at least three more addictive substances.

In conclusion Dr. Frieden, director of CDC empathized with the current state of heroin use. He said: “It is heartbreaking to see injection drug use making a comeback in the U.S.” He said solving the heroin issue boils down to preventing addiction in the first place by hunting down the primary cause, which according to him were opioid prescriptions. “It also means; increasing access to rehabilitation including medications such as methadone or suboxone, cracking down on heroin sales, and increasing use of naloxone to reverse overdose. These are the traditional basics to deal with addiction, hence also key in combatting heroin use,” quickly added the CDC director

For the latest about heroin use in the U.S and the rest of the world please sign up for this year’s August Integrative Addiction Medicine Conference. http://www.integrativeaddiction2015.com is the link to catch with speakers lined up for the event among other possible attendants participants

White Young U.S. Women, New Face Of Heroin Use

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Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism

July 14, 2015

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism: The evidence of being an alcoholic

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism gives us the strength of working together in fighting all manner of drug and alcohol addiction.

Alcohol consumption is one of the most cherished practices during marry making across the globe, whether it is on occasions like wedding, birth parties, anniversaries or any other event where people are celebrating something. Besides that this substance is also commonly used for relaxation after a day’s long labour yet again others use it to hide their feelings. When they feel bad and are stressed for whatever reason they resort to alcohol for solace. In all these one is likely to be persuaded that alcohol is delivering good result to their respective users but is that really the case? Are you a user of alcohol? And how well do you understand the drink you take? In fact knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism will be very helpful for you to know whether you are on the right truck or not. This is what doctor Dalal Akoury MD and founder of AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center wants to share with us in this article. We therefore request for your indulgence to stay on the link to get the necessary tools you need to make very important decision about alcohol intake.

Now back to the discussion, studies have established that alcoholism is actually the most severe form of drinking problem. Doctor Akoury explains that alcoholism is wide and it involves all the symptoms of alcohol abuse alongside with other elements like physical dependence on alcohol. It is therefore very important to note that if you rely on alcohol to function or feel physically compelled to drink then there is likelihood that you’re an alcoholic and action needs to be taken in good time. You can begin by scheduling for an appointment with doctor Akoury for a one on one discussion about all your concerns. Now the following are some of the indicators of alcoholism.

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism: Tolerance

Tolerance is the first major warning sign of alcoholism in any users’ life. Therefore if you are compelled into drinking a lot more than you used to in order to get cope or to feel relaxed or when you drink more than other people without getting drunk, then these are signs of tolerance, which can be early indicators or warning sign of alcoholism. Remember that tolerance comes in situations where, over a period of time, the user finds him or herself in need of more and more alcohol to feel the same effects they felt previously.

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism: Withdrawal

Withdrawal is the second major warning sign of alcoholism. Therefore if you realized that you need a drink to fix your problem of the shakes in the morning, or you’re drinking to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms, then these are also indicators of alcoholism and a huge red flag for that matter. Remember that when you drink heavily, your body gets used to the alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms if it’s taken away. The following are some of the withdrawal symptoms:

Doctor Akoury says that in severe cases, withdrawal from alcohol can also involve more complicated problems like hallucinations, confusion, seizures, fever, and agitation. It is very important to note that these symptoms can be dangerous and addressing them with your physician in good time is advisable. Therefore if this description suits your situation, then talk to your doctor to help you through the recovery process.

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism: Other signs and symptoms of alcoholism

You’ve lost control over your drinking – You often drink more alcohol than you wanted to, for longer than you intended, or despite telling yourself you wouldn’t.

You want to quit drinking, but you can’t – You have a persistent desire to cut down or stop your alcohol use, but your efforts to quit have been unsuccessful.

You have given up other activities because of alcohol – You’re spending less time on activities that used to be important to you (hanging out with family and friends, going to the gym, pursuing your hobbies) because of your alcohol use.

Alcohol takes up a great deal of your energy and focus – You spend a lot of time drinking, thinking about it, or recovering from its effects. You have few if any interests or social involvements that don’t revolve around drinking.

You drink even though you know it’s causing problems – For example, you recognize that your alcohol use is damaging your marriage, making your depression worse, or causing health problems, but you continue to drink anyway.

Finally the problem of addiction is one that has been with us from time immemorial. The fact that this problem is that old doesn’t mean that it cannot be addressed to its logical conclusion. We appreciate that there are a lot of teething problems in dealing with substance abuse and more so to alcohol. But when you take the right direction and you engage the right professionals, you will succeed in eliminating this problem out of your life and that of your community. Speaking to doctor Dalal Akoury would be the starting point for you when it comes to matters addiction. Why do I say this, it will interest you to note that doctor Dalal Akoury seeing how drugs was ruining the societies across the globe, made a decision to create a medical center (AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center) whose main objective is to transform each individual’s life through increasing awareness about health and wellness and by empowering individuals to find their own inner healing power. Dr. Akoury’s practice focuses on personalized medicine through healthy lifestyle choices that deal with primary prevention and underlying causes instead of patching up symptoms. Up on scheduling for that appointment with her, she will evaluate your individual condition and put you on the right treatment that will help you reclaim your life back in the most professional way. Take that initial step of calling her today and you will live to tell the story of your complete revival.

Knowing the signs and symptoms of alcoholism: The evidence of being an alcoholic

 

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