Warning signs and coping skills of relapse

July 6, 2015

Warning signs and coping skills of relapse: Relapse Prevention

Warning signs and coping skills of relapse are very instrumental in taking earlier treatment decision

One of the big impediments in dealing with substance abuse is relapse. This is a serious drawback to many recovering addicts not just in the US but across the globe. It is therefore very important that we are able to address this problem if we want to succeed in the fight against drug addiction. Before we can get to the business of eliminating relapse, we need to understand what are the warning signs and coping skills of relapse? This way we will have a good starting point in the successful journey of defeating drug addiction. According to the experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center, relapse is a process that comes in different stages and that is going to be our starting point in this discussion. Doctor Dalal Akoury is going to take us through the discussion and therefore I want to ask you to stay on the link and be empowered in your individual fight against the scourge of addiction today.

Warning signs and coping skills of relapse: The Stages of Relapse

Relapse is a process, it’s not an event – Doctor Akoury says that in order to understand relapse prevention you have to understand the sequences of relapse. Being a process and not an event, relapse often starts weeks or even months before the event of physical relapse. In this page you will learn how to use specific relapse prevention techniques for each stage of relapse. There are three stages of relapse and they may include:

Warning signs and coping skills of relapse: Emotional Relapse

In emotional relapse, you’re not thinking about using – But your emotions and behaviors are setting you up for a possible relapse in the future unless something is done today and now. This is not a joke for it hit hard your health and can be very fatal. It is therefore very important that treatment is sought in good time. If you are wondering where to go to, then you need not to look any further, you can schedule for an appointment with doctor Dalal Akoury for her professional touch on your situation. In the meantime the following are some of the signs of emotional relapse which you need to be wary of:

Anxiety
Intolerance
Anger
Defensiveness
Mood swings
Isolation
Not asking for help
Not going to meetings
Poor eating habits
Poor sleep habits

The signs of emotional relapse are also the symptoms of post-acute withdrawal – If you understand what post-acute withdrawal is, then it will become easier to avoid relapse, because the early stage of relapse is easiest to pull back from. In the later stages the pull of relapse will get stronger and the sequence of events moves faster thereby confirming the important phrase of prevention being better than cure. Before we get into the discussion about the early relapse prevention, it is important to note that dealing with relapse is not an easy assignment. Many people often fall along the way because they do not have the skills or techniques of dealing with this problem. Realizing that there is a vacuum in dealing with drug addiction, Dr. Akoury made a decision to create a medical center whose main objective is to transform each individual’s life through increasing awareness about health and wellness and by empowering individuals to find their own inner healing power. Dr. Akoury’s practice focuses on personalized medicine through healthy lifestyle choices that deal with primary prevention and underlying causes instead of patching up symptoms. Therefore if you are struggling with any kind of substance abuse and you are currently under a recovery program, then it is important that you begin early should you sport any of the relapse signs highlighted above. Doctor Akoury can be reached through that telephone number 843 213 1480 for any appointment needs.

Warning signs and coping skills of relapse: Early relapse prevention

In healthcare when a problem is diagnosed in good time, treatment becomes easier and economical to handle. We are all aware that prevention is often better than cure and the early this is done the better. Experts believe that prevention of relapse at an early stage is simply reorganizing recognizing that you’re in emotional relapse and appreciating the need of changing your behavior. It is also important to note that drug addiction and more so when you keep relapsing, then this will put you in isolation necessitating for the need to seek for help immediately which you will gladly get from the experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center up on scheduling for an appointment with doctor Akoury MD and founder of the facility. Besides that you need also to recognize that you’re anxious and practice relaxation techniques. Recognize that your sleep and eating habits are slipping and practice self-care. Remember that failure to change your behavior at this earliest stage by staying too long in the stage of emotional relapse, you will certainly become exhausted and this can even elevate your desire to use more of the substance thereby leading into mental relapse.

Practice self-care – The most important thing you can do to prevent relapse at this stage is take good care of yourself. Sit and flush back why you use the substance you use. Are you using drugs or alcohol to escape, relax, or reward yourself? For example, if you don’t take care of yourself and eat poorly or have poor sleep habits, you’ll feel exhausted and want to escape. If you don’t let go of your resentments and fears through some form of relaxation, they will build to the point where you’ll feel uncomfortable in your own skin. If you don’t ask for help, you’ll feel isolated. If any of those situations continues for too long, you will begin to think about using drugs again. But if you practice self-care, you can avoid those feelings from growing and avoid relapse.

Warning signs and coping skills of relapse: Relapse Prevention

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction

July 4, 2015

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction: No drug takes you down faster or harder than crack

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction are ruining people’s live and the sooner you reach out for help the better

In one of the sessions where doctor Dalal Akoury was impacting health knowledge to some group of cocaine addicts, she mention a very strong statement that has kept many thinking about substance abuse in general. She said that “no drug takes you down faster or harder than crack and that the consequences of cocaine addiction are real and dangerous.” Take a moment and visualize what this statement is loaded with. It simply means that when you are taking this drug, in essence you are reducing your life spun with every injection, smoke or drink you take hence the statement going down faster and harder. Cocaine is a very dangerous and addictive substance and it comes in two forms, the powdered form that is snorted and crack that is smoked. When we say that cocaine is very addictive, this may not make sense to many people, but wait a moment and listen to this illustration about the intensity of this substance. The addictiveness of cocaine can be displayed with the life of a mouse. That is to say, if you give a mouse a hit of cocaine every time it presses a lever, it will do nothing else but press that lever. It won’t stop for a minute to take a sip of water or a bite to eat, and eventually it will die from a cocaine overdose. The only thing that prevents people from overdosing on crack is their bank account. Once people are addicted to crack, they will sell their soul for another hit and that is how addictive this drug can be says doctor Akoury.

In life we often have the liberty to make choices, some of the choices we make can be very costly to our health and getting into drugs is one such choice that is today causing many families serious nightmares. The formation of AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center by doctor Akoury is one of the best choices that any professional can make. Having seen how wrong choices were being made by many people opting into drugs, doctor Akoury made a decision to create a medical center whose main objective is to transform each individual’s life through increasing awareness about health and wellness and by empowering individuals to find their own inner healing power. Dr. Akoury’s practice focuses on personalized medicine through healthy lifestyle choices that deal with primary prevention and underlying causes instead of patching up symptoms. Therefore if for whatever reason you may have made the wrong choice and you want to get back to making the right choice, then this is the place to start from. I am not promising a joyride in the process. Recovering from addiction is a process and not a destination and so obstacles will be there but with determination and commitment, doctor Akoury will help you go through the healing process in the most professional way. All you have to do is to call her on telephone number 843 213 1480 to schedule for your appointment with her today.

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction: The dangers of cocaine use

Now as you consider calling that number, it is important to note that cocaine is a stimulant and very addictive for that matter. Therefore its usage can cause your heart to beat faster and your blood vessels to constrict the consequence of which are high blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes. These are not just health problems but very serious ones which can cause you your life. This problem is ravaging in our societies like never before and in fact heart attacks in young patients without a history of heart disease are so frequently thanks to cocaine abuse and because of that emergency room doctors are taught to consider it as one of the first diagnoses. And the problem doesn’t end there.

Cocaine is an important cause of cardiac arrest – like I have said cocaine causes ones heart to speed up, and in some cases the speed is so fast that it actually stops. What is especially deadly about cocaine is that there is no correlation between how many times you’ve used cocaine or how much you used, and when you will suffer a cardiac arrest. Some people die after their first use. Other people have used cocaine hundreds of times, and then drop dead on the very next time. Some university athletes who suddenly drop dead are discovered to have died from cocaine induced cardiac arrest. And as with all drugs, the most important consequences of cocaine addiction are psychological, social, and emotional. However with cocaine these happen faster and harder than with other drugs. A word of caution to all cocaine users, if you are a cocaine addict, you don’t have to wonder if you’ve hurt your friends and family because the truth is that you have done that not once but many times, you may not know because of the influence the drug has on you but now that you are sober and you’re asking, the writings is on the wall. Make a mend by scheduling for an appointment with doctor Dalal Akoury today for the commencement of your recovery journey.

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction: Withdrawal symptoms

The withdrawal symptoms of cocaine are emotional – There are no physical withdrawal symptoms from cocaine, which is why people sometimes trick themselves into thinking they aren’t addicted to it. “I’m not physically addicted to cocaine.” But there’s no physical addiction and non-physical addiction all we have is addiction. Remember that all addiction occurs in the brain. Doctor Akoury says that even though there are no physical withdrawal symptoms, cocaine still satisfies the criteria of addiction. People have difficulty controlling how much they use and they continue to use even though it has negative consequences to their life. Nevertheless the known emotional withdrawal symptoms of cocaine may include tiredness, depression, anxiety and moodiness.

Post-acute withdrawal – The post-acute withdrawal symptoms for cocaine are similar to those of other drugs and they include mood swings, variable energy, low enthusiasm, poor concentration and sleep disturbances.

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction: Cross Addiction

Most cocaine addicts struggle with the idea of total abstinence – If you’re addicted to cocaine, you know you never want to use cocaine again. Cocaine has ruined your life, it has cost you a lot of money, but you’re not sure about stopping alcohol. Maybe alcohol has never been a problem. But because of cross addiction, if you want to stop using cocaine you must also stop all addictive drugs including alcohol and marijuana.

Alcohol is a common trigger for cocaine use – You’ll start with just a few drinks a week. Maybe you’ll drink moderately for weeks or even months without using cocaine. But then one week, you’ll have a bad week. Bad things happen. During that week, everything will go wrong. You’ll be stressed out at work. You’ll have an argument at home. And by the end of the week, you’ll really want a drink. But instead of just a few drinks, you’ll want maybe three or four drinks to take the edge off. After the first one or two drinks, your inhibitions will be lower. After two or three drinks, you’ll reach a magic number, and your brain will suddenly say “Bingo. With all these experiences all you need is an experienced professional to help you and that service is available at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center, make that call today.

The hard consequences of cocaine addiction: No drug takes you down faster or harder than crack

Drug addiction Intervention Services and Interventionist Options

June 18, 2015

Drug addiction Intervention Services and Interventionist Options: Exploring all avenues of drug addiction treatment

Drug addiction Intervention Services and Interventionist Options. Engaging the services of an interventionist is equally helpful in taming drug addiction

If you have not been there you may not understand what drug addiction does to people. The pain that come with substance abuse in the family affects everybody both the victims and the loved ones. To avoid that pain, you will do everything within your reach and beyond to escape the wrath of drug addiction. I know that you have tried but there is one option that is applicable and you are about to try it after reading this article. I am talking about drug addiction intervention services and interventionist options. Have you heard of that? We the experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under the able leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury; we are not leaving anything to chance. Dr. Akoury is the MD and also the founder of this facility besides being a veteran expert in addiction, in her over two decades of practice, she has enabled patients make the best results by receiving a combination of medications, natural therapeutic approaches and psychosocial therapies to synergistically align the body, mind and spirit that ultimately provide a long-term life change.

Therefore if you or any member of your family is suffering from drug addiction, and you are wondering what to do and how to go about it, I have good news for you. By the time we are through with discussing the drug addiction intervention services and interventionist option you will realize how close help is to you. In that same spirit, if you have tried in vain to recover in the past, I want to encourage you not to give up because time has come for you to seek for more professional help through a drug intervention program. Remember that even the most loving approaches are often unsuccessful when trying to convince an addict to get help. However with the help of a professional drug interventionist, it is possible to put an end to addiction. And that is what we want to offer to you at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center, if only you could schedule for an appointment with doctor Dalal Akoury today.

Drug addiction Intervention Services and Interventionist Options: What is a Drug Intervention Program?

To start with, it is always good to understand what we are talking about for us to have a flow in the discussion. It is therefore very important to appreciate that even though the services offered by different programs may vary, drug intervention programs classically offers a comprehensive course of treatment tailored to provide individuals who are involved with drugs with knowledge, the education and life skills they need to overcome their addiction. Such drug intervention services may also include resources necessary for resisting substance abuse in the future along with violence and crime. The available statistics indicate that up to 18 percent of federal inmates have admitted that they committed crimes in order to obtain money to purchase drugs. Going by those statistics, it is evident that drug addiction is no nonsense thing and that is why the application of drug addiction intervention services and interventionist options becomes necessary.

Besides that doctor Akoury say that drug intervention services often begin with a calm and objective approach that result in a coordinated treatment for the substance abuse. Nevertheless it is good to note that even though drug intervention programs are often viewed as a way of confrontation with someone drug abuse, there is much more than confrontation to such programs. Take note that one of the most important elements in these services is the inclusion of a third-party drug interventionist who is trained in drug intervention as well as drug addiction rehab and recovery treatment. Doctor Akoury reiterates that this is a crucial element since drug-involved individuals may not be willing to listen to even their close family members. The problem of denial is a very big impediment in drug addiction treatment.

Intervention for substance abuse is just one part of a comprehensive program that is aimed at identifying and treating each patient’s individual form of drug abuse. There are very many treatment methods some of which we have discussed in our previous articles. However the first step in this method is to work with the patient to help him or her acknowledge his or her own substance abuse and self-destructive behaviors. Besides that it is also very important for the patient to admit the extent of the problem. Remember that when someone is coping with an addiction problem, one of the most difficult aspects of obtaining help is simply admitting that he or she has a problem. It therefore means that if we are to overcome this problem, then we have to pool together and fight drug addiction from all direction. Take note that together we win and divided we fall and we can’t afford to fall. Therefore if you have realized that a substance abuse problem is causing problems in your life, or if any of your friends or loved ones is struggling with drug addiction and they are exploring the possibility of enrolling in a drug rehab for treatment, then that is a step in the right direction and you can call us today at 843 213 1480 for a more professional input on their lives and yours too.

Drug addiction Intervention Services and Interventionist Options: The Future of Integrative Addiction

Before we end the discussion on drug addiction intervention services and intervention options, I want to bring to your attention that besides helping individual patients recover from their addiction, doctor Akoury and AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center are also giving their contribution in the fight of drug addiction to the professionals through exclusive NER Recovery Treatment to other physicians and health care professionals through training, clinical apprenticeships, webinars and seminars. And along side that AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center which is one of the leading pioneers in natural and holistic addiction treatment, will be conducting the first ever Educational, Functional and Integrative Addiction conference for doctors, counselors, nurses and addiction therapists. The conference will be in August 23-25 at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and you are welcomed. This new frontier in Addiction Medicine will be conducted by the most influential group of leading visionaries specializing in the latest advances in natural and integrative addiction medicine, under the theme “The Future of Integrative Addiction”. This is an opportunity for you to come and share experiences with your colleagues in the fight against the scourge of drug addiction. You can log in www.integrativeaddiction2015.com or email sharon@integrativeaddiction2015.com. For more details on how you can take part. Meanwhile we will continue with our discussion about drug addiction intervention services and interventionist options in our subsequent articles. Keep to the site because we still have a lot more for you.

Drug addiction Intervention Services and Interventionist Options: Exploring all avenues of drug addiction treatment

Foods That Help Boost Serotonin Level

March 17, 2015

Foods That Raise Serotonin Level

Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. Serotonin helps in regulation of mood and sleep. According to recent research findings, when the level of serotonin is below optimum it can cause increased incidences of aggressive behavior. Low serotonin levels have also been linked to anxiety and depression. If the recent research findings have to be believed which of course they are, then low serotonin levels are dangerous as it may lead to suicidal acts. In terms of dieting, making sure you’re not serotonin deficient is vital because serotonin triggers satiety after eating. Depressed serotonin levels is the likely reason why the vast majority of people cannot stay on a very low carbohydrate diet for the long term without feeling an unavoidable need to binge which may lead to more complex disorders. In the brain the production of neurotransmitter happens naturally without intervention of any other drug, however when you have used the drugs of abuse for some time they will lead to depletion in the levels of the brain chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine. This therefore means that for healthy levels of serotonin to be achieved after use of drugs, there is need for replenishing and supplementing serotonin through diet. There are foods that are very helpful in raising the levels of serotonin . Here are some of them.

Serotonin

Fresh Vegetables

Fresh vegetables work in myriad ways to ensure good health. the greens are rich in various minerals and vitamins that go along way in boosting the levels of serotonin. some of the fresh vegetables that are actually beneficial in increasing the level of serotonin include Spinach which contains a substantial dose of folic acid. it is also a wonderful source of the mineral magnesium, a natural anxiety combatant. Without enough magnesium in your diet, you may find it hard to concentrate in addition to being fatigued and irritable. other foods that are rich in magnesium and hence helpful in boosting levels of serotonin include; cacao, seaweed, bananas, orange, tree nuts, peanuts, whole grains, corn, cheese, eggs, milk, and white fish.

Fresh Fruit

Fresh fruits are rich in nutritional content. The fresh fruits are rich in vitamins that serve the purpose of rejuvenating the body and giving it a healing approach as well as protecting the body and restoring crucial neurotransmitters like the serotonin which therefore helps in ensuring good moods. fruits are rich in B3 vitamins. these fruits may include watermelon, peaches, bananas, cantaloupe, and avocado. Generally, the B vitamins are very essential in restoration of neurotransmitters especially after a period of long term use of drugs of pleasure that are known to disrupt the functions of the neurotransmitters.

Apples

An apple a day keeps the devil away is a common adage. The health benefits of apples are many and this explains why it is always recommended for patients. A compound found in apples called “quercetin’ is an antioxidant that studies have shown may not only help in the prevention of cancer but may also play an important role in the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. the medicinal abilities of this compound is confounding. It also helps in boosting serotonin as well as dopamine levels.

Herbs that Boost Serotonin Levels:

St. John’s wort -St. John’s wort is effective against mild to moderate depression, alleviates anxiety, insomnia, and irritability and eases pain. It increases the level of serotonin in the brain as well.

Dandelion– This herb is widely used in Europe as an excellent liver detoxifier and mild diuretic. It increases the flow of bile and encourages both the transformation and transportation of nutrients. It has been used historically to treat liver disorders, arthritis and gout. In the addict it will ease the transportation of nutrients in the body and restore energy in the cells as well as boost the level of serotonin.

Cannabis- though known for all the wrong reasons, cannabis has very high medicinal content, however it is highly addictive and that dictates that it be used in moderation as unregulated use can cause addiction. It works in a way that it increases the levels of excitatory neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.

Burdock– burdock has been used to treat other conditions ranging from arthritis to diabetes to hair loss, and it’s an active ingredient in some cancer treatments this herb is also good in resoring the levels of serotonin.

Ginseng– contrary to what many people believe , ginseng does not only increase the level of serotonin in the body but also works in rejuvenating, restorative, boosts energy and vitality and is tonic to the brain. Ginseng is often prescribed for patients fighting depression which is a common symptom of withdrawal from drug use. This herb is a better therapy for those who are under physical, emotional, mental or spiritual stress as it is a very strong antidepressant and adaptogenic. Ginseng promotes strong nerves, sound sleep, improves memory, clear thinking and enhances concentration.

Use of drugs for along time causes damage to the neurotransmitters. apart from the foods and the herbs, you can also increase the level of serotonin by sunlight. Bright light increases the production of Serotonin in the body. Basking in the sunlight can absolutely improve your mood and also soothe muscle aches. It is good to note that by increasing the level of serotonin in your body, you are setting good grounds for addiction treatment and recovery. However, these problems need to be treated effectively through integrative medicine. Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is an expert at this. Call her on (843) 213-1480 for help.

Foods That Raise Serotonin Level

Endogenous Opioids

October 4, 2014

Endogenous Opioids and Opioid Receptors

The term opioids are not new to many, it has been heard as the media is always abreast with all information about these opioid drugs which to the public are known mostly for the wrong reasons. People have got misinformed about these drugs so much that when you tell a layman that these drugs are used in hospital then to him you will something much worse than an alien. However to the medical fraternity these opioids are essentials that are hard to survive without. That said and left, back to the topic; Endogenous Opioids is a new term to many and if your prediction is as right as mine then you are hearing it for the first time. What does it really mean? The endogenous opioids are opiate-like substance, such as an endorphin, produced by the body. If you thought that you can live without these endogenous opioids then you need to wake up from your momentary slumber. Every day of our lives we face pain of all sorts even the most insignificant pains needs the actions of these opioids to give you peace.

Today, the endogenous opioid system is one of the most studied innate pain-relieving systems. The endogenous opioid system consists of widely scattered neurons that produce three opioids: beta-endorphin, the met- and leu-enkephalins, and the dynorphins. These opioids act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators at three major classes of receptors, termed mu, delta, and kappa, and produce analgesia. The endogenous opioids works in the same manner as the narcotic opioids in that they bind to the same receptors and they also have both good and negative effects. There might be all sorts of information out there that you can lay your hands that may speak well of the opioids but the bitter truth is we all depend on despite the negative light they have been portrayed in.We are all naturally dependent on opioids for our emotional health. Both narcotics and internally generated endogenous opioids exert their action on the body by interacting with specific membrane receptor-proteins on our nerve cells.

There are three large pro-compounds that are produced by the body and these are: proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and pro-opiomelanocortin. However, endorphins can further decompose to small fragments, oligomers, which are still active. Oligomers pass the blood-brain barrier more readily. Enzymatic degradation of small-chain endorphins is accomplished by dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, enkephalinases, angiotensinases, and other enzymes. This limits their lifetime in the unbound state.

Presynaptically opioid receptors inhibit transmission of excitatory pathways. These pathways include acetylcholine, the catecholamines, serotonin, and substance P. Substance P is a neuropeptide active in neurons that mediate our sense of pain. Endogenous opioids are also involved in glucose regulation. Opioid receptors are functionally designated as mu, delta, kappa among others. These categories can be further sub-classified by function or structure. Decoding the human genome has allowed the genetic switching-mechanisms that control the expression of each opioid receptor to be determined at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level.

Opioid-driven inhibition of neuronal excitability is mediated by the activation of a variety of potassium channels in the plasma membrane. The disparate subjective and behavioral effects evoked by activation of the different categories of opioid receptor are typically not the outcome of different cellular responses, but reflect the different anatomical distributions of each receptor. Unlike kappa opioid receptors, however, both mu and delta opioid receptors internalize on exposure to agonists. Activation of any type of opioid receptor inhibits adenylate cyclase, resulting in a fall in intracellular cAMP and diminished action potential firing. This causes a reduced flow of nociceptive information to the brain. Conversely, opioid addicts undergoing withdrawal suffer elevated cAMP levels and enhanced protein kinase A activity, resulting in increased neurotransmitter release.

Role of Mu receptors in addiction

The Mu opioid receptors are the gateway to addiction. This is because they mediate positive reinforcement following direct or indirect activation. In an experiment where mice without mu receptors were used, it was found that the morphine’s analgesic and addictive properties are abolished in these mice. This shows that mu receptors mediate both the therapeutic and the adverse activities of opioids. The mice that were lacking mu receptors were found to lack of morphine-induced analgesia, reward, and dependence. The mice had increased sensitivity to pain. This shows that the mu receptors play a critical role in addiction. These mu receptors function as switches upon direct or indirect reinforcement of opioid abuse. Mu-opioid receptors are a key molecular switch triggering brain reward systems and potentially initiating addictive behaviors. The lack of mu-receptors abolishes the analgesic effect of morphine, as well as place-preference activity and physical dependence. This receptor therefore mediates therapeutic analgesia and adverse activities of morphine.

Opioid withdrawal symptom

endogenous opioids When a person has been using the opioids for some time, he will become physically adapted to the drugs so much that when he stops abruptly he will experience the symptoms of withdrawal. Withdrawal is not only faced by opioid user only but also other sick people who are on other drugs as well. However to limit the withdrawal symptoms, there are some factors that come in handy. One of these factors is the pace and how you exit from using these drugs. Your doctor will be of help in helping you by developing safe exit strategies that will limit the withdrawal symptoms.

Finally, you need more information to stay away from dependence on alcohol and drugs as these have crippled societies and that is why here at AWAREmed we are dedicated to finding the best solutions to addiction and dependence on substances. Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is always in the mood of helping any patient to be addiction free. Do not hesitate to call on her for help in managing any sort of chronic pain or any type of addiction as well as other diseases.

Endogenous Opioids and Opioid Receptors

Tag Archives: Opioid