Ketamine Intoxication Abuse Could Lead To Dependence

September 26, 2014

Ketamine Intoxication Abuse and Dependence

Ketamine Intoxication Any drug when taken for non-medical purposes then it is termed abused. Today there are very many drugs that are being used for sheer feeling of euphoria the users derive from them. These drugs are common in streets needless to mention some of the drugs that are used in hospitals for medicinal purposes have also been abused greatly. When a particular drug is used for quite a long time for non-medical purpose it becomes very toxic to the body. Substance abuse is a vice that needs to be fought at all costs and from all fronts as it has opened avenues through which lives have been lost. The problems that a person can suffer from long-term drug abuse spring from all the dimensions of a person’s health be it psychological health, mental health, physical health as well as his social relations. A person who is a victim to drug abuse may fail to cater for family needs, school obligations and even fail to have peace within him as he will be having lots of personal and interpersonal conflicts. Drug and substance dependence is commonly known as addiction. Drug or substance dependence is characterized by change in behaviors of a person. Most common behavior being the need to use more quantities of the substance. When a person is dependent on a given substance his life begins to revolve around it and it seems rather hard for him to live without using the substance. The person often suffers such symptoms as withdrawal among other symptoms associated with drug abuse and dependence.

Drug abuse and dependence are dangerous for an individual; however when a person has just began using a particular substance he may be easily helped to quit the habit than when he has used it for so long that he has become dependent on the drug and has begun showing those side effects that are associated with drug dependence. It is also good to note that a person may become dependent on a drug without abusing it. It is also good to note that person may abuse substance for quite a long time without ‘graduating’ to drug dependence.

One of the drugs that are being abused today is the Ketamine. Ketamine is one of the drugs that are very useful in hospitals. It is a perfect example that even some drugs that help us in gaining good health can also be abused. Ketamine is a medication that has been used to treat many illnesses. It is used in medical procedures with humans and other animals and that means it is an accepted medication in hospitals hence can be easily accessed by medical practitioners such as nurses and doctors. In hospitals it is mainly for starting and maintaining general anesthesia especially in scenarios where the patient is to go through intense pain. It also has other uses and these include sedation in intensive care, as a pain killer. It is however commonly used as a painkiller in emergency cases when the patient is allergic to other known drugs used in suppressing pain such as opiate drugs. This drug can be used as treatment of bronchospasm, and as a treatment for complex regional pain syndrome.

Ketamine has been found to work better since its administration does not affect the Respiratory function. For this reason it has become a very valuable anesthetic. However one of the known side effects often associated with administration of ketamine is agitation.

Ketamine is a NMDA noncompetitive Receptor antagonist

Ketamine is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative of phencyclidine. It is also a non-competitive NMDA antagonist. Scientist, Lodge and his colleagues the first showed that ketamine, phencyclidine, related arylcyclohexylamines and congeners were antagonists of excitatory amino acids like aspartate and glutamate in 1983. The early history of the development of ketamine as an anesthetic agent was documented by McCarthy in 1981. Other scientists Corssen and Dundee reviewed the historical introduction of ketamine into human anesthesia and the term dissociative anesthesia in 1990. These scientists found that for ketamine to be used safely in clinical therapies, it had to be tamed.

Low doses of ketamine in humans do not necessarily alter perception in a negative way. Foster gave an IV infusion of three different sub anesthetic doses of ketamine (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg/h) to six patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The patients showed no drowsiness and their reaction times and digit span were unaffected by any of the doses of ketamine used. This study however is rather controversial. This is because NMDA receptors are involved in brain function, including arousal and memory, this study requires further research and explanation because one would have predicted exactly the opposite effects even with the small doses of ketamine used.

Ketamine Intoxication

Ketamine as nicotinic inhibitor

Initially the effect of ketamine blockade on niconitic receptors was unknown. But today after many researches and experiments scientists have shown that racemic ketamine and the isomers inhibits nAChRs and K channels in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner. In an experiment racemic ketamine inhibited nAChRs and K channels, with the anesthetic concentration inducing the half-maximal effect being 1.4 and 300 micrometer, respectively. Only inhibition of the nAChRs was stereo selective. The half-maximal concentrations were 0.8 and 3.6 micrometer for S (+) – and R (-)-ketamine. The K channels were 350 and 70 times less sensitive to the effects of S (+) – and R (-)-ketamine.

Ketamine at concentrations found during clinical anesthesia exerts stereospecific effects on human ganglionic nAChRs but not on voltage-dependent K channels. The results found from this experiment supports the view that ketamine impairs sympathetic ganglionic transmission. Nonspecific effects on voltage-dependent K channels may underlie psychomimetic side effects.

Finally, Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is an experienced doctor who has been in the frontline fighting drug addiction. He runs a website that equips readers of better ways to overcome not only drug addiction but also serious health problems that have caused nightmares to the world population. Get in touch with her today and learn more.

Ketamine Intoxication Abuse and Dependence

Drug Addiction and Suicide

August 11, 2014

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Addiction’s Hidden Risks

Drug addiction is an indicator to suicide. It brings depression and painful stress that can only result in suicide, seek for help before it is too late

I love life and I strongly believe that you do too. Each person has his or her own peculiar reasons of being a live and there are so many set objectives that we want to accomplish while still alive. These objectives are either set to us by people around us or our own desired goals but the bottom line is that we have them. We may not be able to achieve these objectives if we are not sober in our minds. To be sober we must all desire to stay away from all kind of drugs and drug related activities or influences. We must make all efforts to ensure that our neighborhood is safe and free from any kind of substance abuse. Our children must be brought up morally sound and any element of depression avoided by all means. Doing this should be a collective responsibility to everyone because the consequences of drugs are fatal and suicidal. Therefore anyone who cares about an addict will have several concerns. For instance:

The fear of getting serious accident and other body injuries
The fear of losing a loved one
The fear of drug overdose
The fear of committing suicide

These are weighty concerns but for the purpose of this article we will dwell more on the suicide as a consequence emanating from drug abuse. To start us off suicide is a well-known risk for those suffering from mental health problems requiring special medical attention in the assessment and treatment of addiction. You must take keen attention on depression and other mood disorders because these are the primary indicators of risk factors for suicide. Besides this alcohol and general drug abuse are also influential in triggering suicide. As a matter of fact studies have established that alcoholism is a strong indicator even without being depressed and those suffering from drug use disorders are said to be about six times likely to commit suicide than the population not using drugs.

Drug abuse does not only increase the likelihood that a person will take his or her own life, but it is also used as a means for committing suicide. Statistics indicate that for every three people dying from suicide one will be as a result of drug influence and specifically opiates such as oxycodone or heroin, or alcohol. Poisoning is another leading method used in suicide deaths again drugs make up to 75 percent of suicide deaths due to poisoning.

Drug Addiction and Suicide –When Hope Runs Out

Have you ever wondered why suicide is the tragic fate of so many people struggling with addiction? There are a few possible explanations which may include the following:

When under the influence of drugs or alcohol, people may lose inhibitions and take risks they would not do when sober.
Many people abuse drugs or alcohol in an attempt to relieve the symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions.
The rate of major depression is two to four times higher among addicts than the general population.

Although drugs may seem to help in the short term, they exacerbate problems over time. When attempting to stop using drugs, people may feel overwhelmed by the return of painful emotions that they had been medicating with drugs. They may also be clear-headed enough to carry out suicidal thoughts and plans. Transitions, such as entering or leaving treatment, relapse, and death, divorce or other major life changes, can be especially vulnerable times.

Abusing drugs, especially depressants such as alcohol or sedatives, can also trigger symptoms of depression, increasing the risk of suicide. As the consequences of addiction pile up, from legal problems and damaged relationships to financial ruin and job loss, individuals may lose all hope that things can get better and for some the feeling of impossibilities may take center stage where victims only see two possible ways of relief i.e. getting back into drugs use or death.

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Treatment and Prevention

The best way of solving the problem of suicide is to prevent it from taking place however treatment will be very fundamental if you are already deep into drugs. It is estimated that about 45% of suicide patients are those suffering from untreated drug abuse disorders. This great number is due to several factors like stigma. Many people often fail to seek for help because of the stigma besides luck of proper training in suicide prevention. It is important that individuals suffering from drug addiction owns up early and seek for immediate recovery process. This will go a long way in containing the situation and suicide can be prevented as a result of treatment.

There are very few primary care physicians trained to help identify and prevent suicide nonetheless the few in administering treatment must not shy away from establishing the genesis of the problem by asking turf questions that would not otherwise be asked. Such questions will be helpful is addressing suicidal ideation even when the patient is struggling or has in the past struggled with addiction, depression or other mental health disorders. It is important that someone ask the difficult question like;

Whether the patient has ever considered or attempted suicide
Whether they are currently think about or intend to commit suicide.

The patients need to be shown love and let them know that they are not alone and that they are cared for. Impacting the spirit of hope in them is very vital this can be a collaborative effort between them and their loved ones to help create a lasting recovery plan that guarantees their safety and then addressing the underlying issues in trust by a trusted health provider.

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Threats

We worry about the addicts in our lives for good reason. They are at high risk of death by a number of causes including:

Diseases
Accident
Suicide

Suicide prevention requires a multifaceted approach, but it all hinges on the person reaching out for help and effective treatment being available when they take that brave step of turning away from their behaviors. Finally a decision to seek for help is the best thing you can do for yourself. You may want to seek for expert opinion at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under Doctor Akoury’s care. Doctor Akoury is a medical professional with several decades of experience and together with her team of experienced experts they will focus on Neuroendocrine Restoration (NER) to reinstate normality through realization of the oneness of Spirit, Mind, and Body, Unifying the threesome into ONE

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Addiction’s Hidden Risks

NATURAL REMEDIES FOR DOPAMINE

July 31, 2014

Natural Remedies for Dopamine Include IV Vitamin C, IV selenium, IV coq10, IV DNP

From the definition of dopamine, you will understand that dopamine is responsible for the reward system in the brain. This chemical is responsible for making us feel pleasure, motivated, drive, focus, concentration etc. Dopamine is therefore simply a chemical that is used by the brain to send signals. When dopamine is released by a nerve, it crosses a very small gap known as synapse and then attaches to a dopamine receptor on the next nerve. When the levels of dopamine are low in the brain, the nerve impulses or signals cannot be transmitted well and this can impair the brains functioning. This situation where the level of dopamine is low in the brain is known as dopamine deficiency.

What may affect the level of dopamine?

Dopamine is a chemical which is naturally produced by the human brain. This means that for the level of dopamine produced by the brain to remain optimum the brain must be functioning well. Any alteration in the functioning of the brain therefore can cause imbalance in the levels of dopamine in the brain. Addictive drugs are known to be in the frontline of the causers of this imbalance. The addictive drugs seem to alter the normal functioning of the brain and consequently affect the level of dopamine in our bodies. When the level of dopamine goes down, the person may become depressed. A common effect of low level of dopamine in the brain is depression.

How do I know that I have dopamine deficiency?

The common symptoms of low level in dopamine are the same symptoms associated with the clinical depression. This is because when the person has low level of dopamine; emotions cannot be correctly regulated and has mental impulses which mitigate intense feeling of sadness. The following are therefore the most common symptoms of dopamine deficiency;

Lowness in motivation – the person looks docile and doesn’t look to have any motivation towards activities around.
Lack of interest in life – the person doesn’t see reason to live.
Mood swings – the person looks moody and not willing to freely interact with the people around.
Sleep patterns become altered – if you are a victim of dopamine deficiency, you may exhibit altered sleep patterns.
Poor memory – the person has a very low retention and remembrance capacities. The chances of retaining information for long are very low since the person remains depressed.
The person may be addicted to caffeine or other stimulants
Fatigue may also be evident.
There may be weight loss in the person.
Inability to feel pleasure – since the dopamine is the one responsible for the feeling of pleasure, its deficiency means the person will experience diminish in pleasure feeling capacity.

The levels of dopamine sometimes may be extremely low. In this situation, it causes a permanent and degenerative diminishing motor skills and also muscle rigidity and tremor.

The Natural Remedies For Dopamine Deficiency

Balanced amount of dopamine in the brain is very important. Thus whenever one is diagnosed with its deficiency there should be measures to restore it back to the appropriate levels. The natural remedies have been proven to be much safer ways of increasing serotonin levels. This is particularly because these natural ways are not prone to side effects like the medical ways have.

The natural dopamine remedy doesn’t involve prescription medicine and thus it focuses on the nutrition, exercise and supplements.

The nutritional dopamine increase – this dopamine increasing strategy looks at the level of deficiency and offers plans to increase them appropriately. The book, “The Edge Effect” which is written by Dr. Eric Braverman gives us specific nutritional and supplement plans which can be used to increase the levels of dopamine to certain levels depending on the person’s deficiency.

The principle that is used by the dopamine diet is that it offers the body the required raw materials for a steady supply of tyrosine and phenylalanine which are the two amino acids which are antecedents of dopamine. The source of these amino acids is foods which are rich in proteins. These foods convert their tyrosine to dopamine. Such foods include:-

Meat (Chicken, pork etc.)
Fruits like bananas, apples and watermelon.
Eggs
Black and green tea
Beans and legumes
Honey
Milk
Ricotta
Soybeans
Beets and many more other foods products especially those rich in proteins and IV Vitamin C.

Supplements which can increase dopamine

There are compounds which can be administered to the patient and then they raise the level of dopamine in the patient. Such supplements include Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine. These are actually amino acids and hence they can make dopamine when administered to the patient. They should though be used for low energy type depression, addictive behavior, including depression (low mood), food craving and overeating phases.

Exercise

Exercise plays an important role in dopamine level increasing. It is highly recommended that you regularly do exercise. Exercise increases the blood calcium which in turn stimulates dopamine production and uptakes in the brain. Doing exercises such as walking, gym, swimming, jogging extra can be very helpful in the dopamine level incrementing. Sleep is also another important ingredient, and thus ensure you get enough sleep.

NATURAL REMEDIES FOR DOPAMINE

Understanding Depression

July 16, 2014

What is depression?

Depression is one of the common symptoms of addiction from drugs. It refers to a condition or illness that causes a constant feeling of sadness and lack of interest. The depressed person will in most cases stay isolated and doesn’t like talking to other people around. Although it is common that any human being will at one time feel moody and not willing to talk with people around, this happens for some time then it disappears. In the case of depressed persons this state doesn’t seem to go away.

What causes this depression?

Depression mostly is caused by chemical compounds which lower neurotransmission levels, which in turn depresses or reduces arousal or simulation in various areas of the brain. These drugs which contain this compound known to cause depression are widely being used all over the world either as prescription medicines or illicit substances. These drugs are used for their effects which are initially friendly e.g. pain relief, sedation etc. but in the long run or abuse, they result into depression.

Which are the indicators of depression?

Depression symptoms can be identified through behavior of the depressed person, or through the feeling of the depressed. Some of the common symptoms of depression may include;

Concentration difficulties, difficulties in remembering details of something and even decision making difficulties. The depressed person can be observed to possess at least one all even all of these challenges.
Loss of interest in activities. The person may loss interest in activities that he/she liked previously. For instance, a person who liked playing chess, may no longer show any interest in playing it and his/her friends may be able to observe this abrupt change in taste.
The depressed person may show signs of chronic headaches, cramps, pains etc.
Sometimes the depressed person will possess intense sadness, anxiety and “feeling” towards the people around.
The person may look restless. In many cases, a depressed person will not seem to settle and often he/she looks disturbed by something unknown.
Some victims of depression are faced with fatigue and decrease in energy that they initially possessed.
A depressed person may feel worthless and helpless. This can be observed when the person possessed indicators of low esteem.
A depressed person will either miss sleep or oversleep. In terms of sleeping they do it to the extremes.
Another symptom worthy mentioning is that a depressed person possesses thoughts of suicide or sometimes attempt to commit suicide.

Note: The depressed person may possess several of these symptoms at the same time and thus, do not over rely on one indicator to judgment. Also note that sometimes, what you see as a symptom may actually not be. For instance, not all the times being moody will be considered a symptom of depression!

Diagnosis of depression

The detection of depression and determination of its type and intensity requires a professional person. Are you wondering where you will get these professionals? Then you don’t have to worry anymore! At AWAREmed, we have professionals who will diagnose you and if diagnosed with depression, you will be given the appropriate treatment for you to recover completely.

How we diagnose

It is a fact that we had for long been accustomed to doctors using specialized blood tests or some other expensive lab tests which helped them in making a conclusive diagnosis. This is no longer helpful when it comes to depression. One of the most powerful tool which has been proven effective is talking to the patient, as you try to analyze the situation and identify symptoms. This is the tool that we mainly use to ensure that we give you the most appropriate and effective treatment which will lead you to a very fast recovery from depression. The importance of it is to give you a sustained recovery. It has been common that depression as a mental problem in many cases may have some other underlying factors, which not unless they are addressed, the result may not be sustained for long and thus lapse may occur.

depression

How do we treat depression?

Just like any other disease, treatment of depression begins with diagnosis. Once you have been diagnosed with depression, you can now proceed to the step of treatment. Here, the doctor will discuss various depression options with you. The appropriate treatment for depression will depend on the type of depression you have. For example, based on the type of depression that you have, the doctor will decide which of either antidepressants, psychotherapy or both will work best for you. The appropriate treatment will then be administered.

Sometimes, a person may be subjected to a given treatment and then he/she doesn’t respond to the standard depression treatment. In this case, the doctor may opt you train your brain via simulation techniques. Whatever treatment the doctor prescribes to you, it is importat to note that there is no instant solution. You must be patient to heal slowly and finally be fully depression free. You must remember that you should not give up in the race of addiction recovery.

What is depression?

Prefrontal cortex in addiction: The Executive Brain

April 5, 2014

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Effect of Right and Left PFC

Studies around problems in the brains prefrontal cortex have been associated with Impulsive action; a trait of addictive behavior.

The prefrontal cortex in addiction (PFC) is that portion of the brain located in the very front of the brain, just behind the forehead. It’s in charge of abstract thinking and thought analysis it is also responsible for regulating behavior. This includes mediating conflicting thoughts, making choices between right and wrong, and predicting the possible outcomes of actions or events. This brain area also governs social control, such as suppressing emotional or sexual urges. Since the prefrontal cortex is the brain center responsible for taking in data through the body’s senses and deciding on actions, it is most strongly implicated in human qualities like consciousness, general intelligence, and personality

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Function

This vital region of the brain regulates thought in terms of both short-term and long-term decision making. It allows humans to plan ahead and create strategies, and also to adjust actions or reactions in changing situations. Additionally, the PFC helps to focus thoughts, which enables people to pay attention, learn, and concentrate on goals. This area is also the part of the brain that allows humans to consider several different yet related lines of thinking when learning or evaluating complex concepts or tasks. The prefrontal cortex in addiction also houses active, working memory.

The Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction

Chemical addiction is classified as a mental illness, such that addiction changes the brain in fundamental ways. An addiction disturbs a person’s normal hierarchy of needs and desires and substitutes new priorities connected with using drugs or alcohol. The resulting compulsive behaviors that override the ability to control impulses despite the consequences are similar to hallmarks of other mental illnesses.

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Signs of Prefrontal Cortex Damage

Studies around problems in the brains prefrontal cortex have been associated with Impulsive action; a trait of addictive behavior.
Lack of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is also associated with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD).
Lack of serotonin is a common problem with juveniles who lash out.

Some believe that impulsive behavior says more about an addicts approach to their addiction rather than the addiction itself. If one asked, “Why would anyone use drugs knowing that they lead to suffering?” The impulsiveness argument is a good answer, because it suggests that the thinking person is not in control, which reinforces the argument that the addict is powerless.

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Signs of Addictive Behavior

Addicts differ in their capacity to exercise judgment and inhibit impulses.
The brain’s prefrontal cortex helps to determine the adaptive value of pleasure recorded by the nucleus accumbens and checks the urge to take the drug when it would be unwise.
If the prefrontal cortex is not functioning properly, an addictive drug has more power to monopolize the reward circuit.

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Depression

Though depression involves an overall reduction in brain activity, some parts of the brain are more affected than others. In brain-imaging studies using PET scans, depressed people display abnormally low activity in the prefrontal cortex in addiction, and more specifically in its lateral, orbitofrontal, and ventromedial regions. And the severity of the depression often correlates with the extent of the decline in activity in the prefrontal cortex.

Orbitofrontal cortex
Lateral prefrontal cortex
Ventromedial cortex
Limbic system

The prefrontal cortex in addiction is known not only to be involved in emotional responses, but also to have numerous connections with other parts of the brain that are responsible for controlling dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, three neurotransmitters that are important in mood regulation. More specifically, the lateral prefrontal cortex seems to help us choose a course of behavior by letting us assess the various alternatives mentally. The orbitofrontal cortex seems to let us defer certain immediate gratifications and suppress certain emotions in order to obtain greater long-term benefits. And the ventromedial cortex is thought to be one of the sites in the brain where we experience emotions and the meanings of things.

The two halves of the prefrontal cortex in addiction also seem to have specialized functions, with the left half being involved in establishing positive feelings and the right half in establishing negative ones. And indeed, in depressed people, it is the left prefrontal cortex that shows the greatest signs of weakness. In other words, when people are depressed, they find it very hard not only to set goals in order to obtain rewards, but also to believe that such goals can be achieved.

In healthy people, the left prefrontal cortex might also help to inhibit the negative emotions generated by limbic structures such as the amygdalae, which show abnormally high activity in depressed patients. In patients who respond positively to antidepressants, this over activity is reduced. And when the amygdalae remain highly hyperactive despite antidepressant treatment, the likelihood of a patient’s relapsing into depression is high.

It is also interesting to note that when someone’s left prefrontal cortex is operating at full capacity, the levels of glucocorticoids in their blood are generally very low. This follows logically, considering the harmful effects that high levels of glucocorticoids have on mood.

Brain-imaging studies have also shown that in patients with severe depression, the volume of the two hippocampi is reduced. This atrophy may be due to a loss of neurons that is also induced by the toxic effects of the high levels of glucocorticoids associated with recurrent episodes of depression. The extent of atrophy in the hippocampus even seems to be proportional to the sum of the durations of the episodes of depression, and depressions that are treated rapidly do not seem to lead to this reduction in hippocampal volume

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Effect of Right and Left PFC

Tag Archives: Major depressive disorder

Ketamine Intoxication Abuse Could Lead To Dependence

Ketamine Intoxication Abuse and Dependence