Tag Archives: Cytochrome P450

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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

January 13, 2017
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) and did you know that for every beverage alcohol you take about 2 to 8 percent is lost through urine, sweat, or the breath?

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD): Acetaldehyde and Alcoholism

Did you know that for every beverage alcohol you take about 2 to 8 percent is lost through urine, sweat, or the breath? This means that the other 92 to 98 percent is metabolized by your body. All ethyl alcohol which is broken down in the human body is first converted to acetaldehyde, and then this acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid radicals also known as acetyl radicals. Acetaldehyde is a poison which is a close relative of formaldehyde. Acetic acid is the essential component of vinegar. The acetic acid radical is the combining form of acetic acid. This acetic acid radical combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA then enters the Krebs cycle, which is the basic powerhouse of the human body. Inside the Krebs cycle, this acetyl radical is eventually broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

According to the experts from the AWAREmed health and wellness resource center under the leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury MD, there are three different enzymes the body uses to convert alcohol to acetaldehyde. The three enzymes work by stripping two hydrogen atoms off from the alcohol molecule thereby converting the alcohol molecule into a molecule of acetaldehyde says doctor Akoury. We are going to consider the three enzymes progressively in this article.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD): The Three Alcohol Enzymes

The three enzymes which can convert alcohol to acetaldehyde are:

  • Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) ·
  • Cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) ·
  • Catalase

Each of these enzymes is found in different parts of the body and each of them handles the hydrogen atoms which are stripped off from the alcohol molecule in a different way. For the purpose of this article, we are going to discuss the first one and proceed with the rest of the subsequent postings.

Alcohol dehydrogenase

The name “alcohol dehydrogenase” sounds quite a mouthful, but it is self-explanatory if we break it down into its component parts. “de-” is a prefix which means “to remove”. We find it in such words as “dethrone” which means “to remove from the throne”. “-use” is a suffix which means “enzyme”. Any time you see a chemical term which ends in the suffix “-as” you know that you are dealing with an enzyme. “hydrogen” means “hydrogen” of course. So “de-hydrogen-ase” means “an enzyme which removes hydrogen atoms”, and “alcohol dehydrogenase” means “an enzyme which removes hydrogen atoms from the alcohol molecule”. The name alcohol dehydrogenase is sometimes abbreviated to ADH.

ADH is the workhorse of the alcohol enzymes–it breaks down the majority of the alcohol that enters the human body. Alcohol dehydrogenase is actually the name for a family of enzymes which break down alcohol–each of which has a slightly different molecular structure. Researchers have identified as many as 10 varieties of the alcohol dehydrogenase molecule. All of them bring about the same chemical reaction–the difference is that some varieties of alcohol dehydrogenase work more efficiently than others. As we shall be seeing later, these variations in the alcohol dehydrogenase molecule can explain why some individuals react differently to alcohol than others.

The alcohol dehydrogenase molecules do their work primarily in the stomach and the liver, although traces of them are found in other tissues as well. The hydrogen which is released when alcohol dehydrogenase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde is bound to a compound called NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) to form NADH (this is short for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide plus Hydrogen). Alcohol dehydrogenase does its work in the cellular fluid (cytosol) of the cell. The wordings in this article may be technical but necessary in understanding the dangers of substance abuse. You may want to seek for more clarity from the experts at AWAREmed today.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD): Acetaldehyde and Alcoholism

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Understanding NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) role

January 12, 2017
Understanding NAD

Understanding NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) roles requires greater degree of professionalism

Understanding NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) roles: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)

In light social drinkers nearly all the alcohol consumed is taken care of by alcohol dehydrogenase. However, the enzyme Cytochrome P450 2E1 (abbreviated CYP2E1) becomes quite active in metabolizing alcohol in chronic heavy drinkers. CYP2E1 does its work in the liver. The hydrogen released by this reaction is bound to oxygen and to NADPH to form water and NADP+. This reaction takes energy rather than producing it. CYP2E1 does its work in the microsomes of the cell. This is sometimes referred to as MEOS (Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System). CYP2E1 is a member of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme family as a better way of understanding NAD says doctor Dalal Akoury MD, President, and founder of AWAREmed health and wellness resource center. And now let’s turn to the last type of enzyme as stated previously.

Understanding NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) roles: Catalase

Catalase is found in tiny organs inside of cells called peroxisomes. Catalase is found all over the human body. When catalase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde the hydrogen which is released is bound to hydrogen peroxide molecules which then become water. Although catalase is active everywhere in the body, catalase is of particular interest to researchers because it metabolizes alcohol in the brain. The acetaldehyde released into the brain by the metabolism of alcohol by catalase has the potential to combine with neurotransmitters to form new compounds known as THIQs (tetrahydroisoquinolines, also sometimes called TIQs). Some researchers believe that THIQs are the cause of alcohol addiction and that the presence of THIQs distinguishes addicted drinkers from social drinkers. Other researchers strongly dispute the validity of the THIQ hypothesis of alcohol addiction. The actual role of THIQs remains controversial and calls for further research.

How Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase Works

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase does its work in the mitochondria of cells and removes a hydrogen atom from acetaldehyde to produce an acetic acid radical. This hydrogen atom combines with NAD+ to form NADH. There are several varieties of aldehyde dehydrogenase found in the human body. The one which normally breaks down acetaldehyde is called ALDH2. There is another variety aldehyde dehydrogenase found in the human body which is called ALDH2*2. ALDH2*2 is only about 8% as efficient as ALDH2 in metabolizing acetaldehyde. Some East Asian people have ALDH2*2 instead of ALDH2 in their bodies. These individuals find the effect of alcohol to be very unpleasant and that is going to form part of our discussion in the next article which I am persuaded you don’t want to miss.

Finally, doctor Akoury reiterates that the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes are found in many tissues of the body, but are at the highest concentration in the liver further explaining why alcohol addiction can be very dangerous to your health. And having known that, it will interest you to note that, the formation of AWAREmed health center was not just for the purpose of creation awareness about the effects of substance abuse, but also for finding the ultimate solution. And that is why away from creating awareness, doctor Akoury’s practices also focuses on the personalized medicine through healthy lifestyle choices that deal with primary prevention and underlying causes instead of patching up symptoms making her your best choice.

Understanding NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) roles: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)

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Acetaldehyde poison and Alcohol consumption

December 22, 2016
Acetaldehyde poison

Acetaldehyde poison and Alcohol consumption if not addressed in good time can be catastrophic

Acetaldehyde poison and Alcohol consumption: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)

In light social drinkers nearly all the alcohol consumed is taken care of by alcohol dehydrogenase. However, the enzyme Cytochrome P450 2E1 (abbreviated CYP2E1) becomes quite active in metabolizing alcohol in chronic heavy drinkers. CYP2E1 does its work in the liver. The hydrogen released by this reaction is bound to oxygen and to NADPH to form water and NADP+. This reaction takes energy rather than producing it. CYP2E1 does its work in the microsomes of the cell. This is sometimes referred to as MEOS (Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System). CYP2E1 is a member of the Cytochrome P450 enzyme family. The next enzyme is the catalase.

Acetaldehyde poison and Alcohol consumption: Catalase

Catalase is found in tiny organs inside of cells called peroxisomes. Catalase is found all over the human body. When catalase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde the hydrogen which is released is bound to hydrogen peroxide molecules which then become water. Although catalase is active everywhere in the body, catalase is of particular interest to researchers because it metabolizes alcohol in the brain. The acetaldehyde released into the brain by the metabolism of alcohol by catalase has the potential to combine with neurotransmitters to form new compounds known as THIQs (tetrahydroisoquinolines, also sometimes called TIQs). Some researchers believe that THIQs are the cause of alcohol addiction and that the presence of THIQs distinguishes addicted drinkers from social drinkers. Other researches strongly dispute the validity of the THIQ hypothesis of alcohol addiction. The actual role of THIQs remains controversial and calls for further research.

Acetaldehyde poison and Alcohol consumption: How acetaldehyde dehydrogenase works

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase does its work in the mitochondria of cells and removes a hydrogen atom from acetaldehyde to produce an acetic acid radical. This hydrogen atom combines with NAD+ to form NADH.

There are several varieties of aldehyde dehydrogenase found in the human body. The one which normally breaks down acetaldehyde is called ALDH2. There is another variety aldehyde dehydrogenase found in the human body which is called ALDH2*2. ALDH2*2 is only about 8% as efficient as ALDH2 in metabolizing acetaldehyde. Some East Asian people have ALDH2*2 instead of ALDH2 in their bodies. These individuals find the effect of alcohol to be very unpleasant as we discuss below. Doctor Dalal Akoury MD, President and founder of AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center reiterates that the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes are found in many tissues of the body, but are at the highest concentration in the liver

The problem with too much NADH

Finally, it is important to appreciate that alcohol metabolism produces excess amounts of NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide plus Hydrogen). This excess of NADH can lead to acidosis from lactic acid build-up and hypoglycemia from lack of glucose synthesis. It can also lead to weight gain, fatty liver, and heart attack. It is because of these health risks that made doctor Akoury to formulate this health facility to offer meaningful and professional treatment that yield absolute result. This is not a simple problem and therefore, if you are struggling with alcoholism, help is just a phone call away. As soon as you make that call, an appointment will be schedule and your life will be transformed positively and for real productivity.

Acetaldehyde poison and Alcohol consumption: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)

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Acetaldehyde roles and Alcoholism

December 22, 2016
Acetaldehyde roles

Acetaldehyde roles and Alcoholism works by categorizing alcoholism treatment solutions primarily to defeat addiction

Acetaldehyde roles and Alcoholism: Hydrogen atoms

Did you know that for every alcoholic beverage you take about 2 to 8 percent is lost through urine, sweat, or the breath? This means that the other 92 to 98 percent is metabolized by your body. All ethyl alcohol which is broken down in the human body is first converted to acetaldehyde, and then this acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid radicals known as acetyl radicals. Acetaldehyde is a poison which is closely related to formaldehyde. Acetic acid is the essential component of vinegar. The acetic acid radical is the combining form of acetic acid. This acetic acid radical combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA rhen enters the Krebs cycle, which is the basic powerhouse of the human body. Inside the Krebs cycle this acetyl radical is eventually broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

According to the experts at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under the leadership of doctor Dalal Akoury MD, there are three different enzymes which the body uses to convert alcohol to acetaldehyde. All these enzymes work by stripping two hydrogen atoms off from the alcohol molecule which then converts the alcohol molecule into a molecule of acetaldehyde. We are going to be discussing the first one as indicated below and progressively conclude with the remaining two in our next article. And even as we do that, we appreciate that this article may be technical for many people and that is why if you have any concern about alcohol consumption, you can always schedule an appointment with doctor Akoury for a more professional breakdown of facts. The three enzymes which can convert alcohol to acetaldehyde are:

  • Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
  • Cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1)
  • Catalase

Each of these enzymes is found in different parts of the body and each of them handles the hydrogen atoms which are stripped off from the alcohol molecule in a different way.

Acetaldehyde roles and Alcoholism: Alcohol dehydrogenase

The name “alcohol dehydrogenase” sounds like quite a mouthful, but it is quite self-explanatory if we break it down into its component parts. “de-” is a prefix which means “to remove”. We find it in such words as “dethrone” which means “to remove from the throne”. “-ase” is a suffix which means “enzyme”. Any time you see a chemical term which ends in the suffix “-ase” you know that you are dealing with an enzyme. “hydrogen” means “hydrogen” of course. So “de-hydrogen-ase” means “an enzyme which removes hydrogen atoms”, and “alcohol dehydrogenase” means “an enzyme which removes hydrogen atoms from the alcohol molecule”. The name alcohol dehydrogenase is sometimes abbreviated to ADH.

Alcohol dehydrogenase is the workhorse of the alcohol enzymes it breaks down the majority of the alcohol that enters the human body. Alcohol dehydrogenase is actually the name for a family of enzymes which break down alcohol–each of which has a slightly different molecular structure. Researchers have identified as many as 10 varieties of the alcohol dehydrogenase molecule. All of them bring about the same chemical reaction–the difference is that some varieties of alcohol dehydrogenase work more efficiently than others.

The alcohol dehydrogenase molecules do their work primarily in the stomach and the liver, although traces of them are found in other tissues as well. The hydrogen which is released when alcohol dehydrogenase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde is bound to a compound called NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) to form NADH (this is short for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide plus Hydrogen). Alcohol dehydrogenase does its work in the cellular fluid (cytosol) of the cell. If you dint know, now you know and for more clarification, call doctor Akoury now.

Acetaldehyde roles and Alcoholism: Hydrogen atoms

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