Tag Archives: Brain

Prefrontal cortex in addiction: The Executive Brain

April 5, 2014

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Effect of Right and Left PFC

The Prefrontal cortex in addiction

Studies around problems in the brains prefrontal cortex have been associated with Impulsive action; a trait of addictive behavior.

The prefrontal cortex in addiction (PFC) is that portion of the brain located in the very front of the brain, just behind the forehead. It’s in charge of abstract thinking and thought analysis it is also responsible for regulating behavior. This includes mediating conflicting thoughts, making choices between right and wrong, and predicting the possible outcomes of actions or events. This brain area also governs social control, such as suppressing emotional or sexual urges. Since the prefrontal cortex is the brain center responsible for taking in data through the body’s senses and deciding on actions, it is most strongly implicated in human qualities like consciousness, general intelligence, and personality

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Function

This vital region of the brain regulates thought in terms of both short-term and long-term decision making. It allows humans to plan ahead and create strategies, and also to adjust actions or reactions in changing situations. Additionally, the PFC helps to focus thoughts, which enables people to pay attention, learn, and concentrate on goals. This area is also the part of the brain that allows humans to consider several different yet related lines of thinking when learning or evaluating complex concepts or tasks. The prefrontal cortex in addiction also houses active, working memory.

The Prefrontal Cortex in Addiction

Chemical addiction is classified as a mental illness, such that addiction changes the brain in fundamental ways. An addiction disturbs a person’s normal hierarchy of needs and desires and substitutes new priorities connected with using drugs or alcohol. The resulting compulsive behaviors that override the ability to control impulses despite the consequences are similar to hallmarks of other mental illnesses.

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Signs of Prefrontal Cortex Damage

  • Studies around problems in the brains prefrontal cortex have been associated with Impulsive action; a trait of addictive behavior.
  • Lack of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is also associated with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD).
  • Lack of serotonin is a common problem with juveniles who lash out.

Some believe that impulsive behavior says more about an addicts approach to their addiction rather than the addiction itself. If one asked, “Why would anyone use drugs knowing that they lead to suffering?”  The impulsiveness argument is a good answer, because it suggests that the thinking person is not in control, which reinforces the argument that the addict is powerless.

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Signs of Addictive Behavior
  • Addicts differ in their capacity to exercise judgment and inhibit impulses.
  • The brain’s prefrontal cortex helps to determine the adaptive value of pleasure recorded by the nucleus accumbens and checks the urge to take the drug when it would be unwise.
  • If the prefrontal cortex is not functioning properly, an addictive drug has more power to monopolize the reward circuit.
Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Depression

Though depression involves an overall reduction in brain activity, some parts of the brain are more affected than others. In brain-imaging studies using PET scans, depressed people display abnormally low activity in the prefrontal cortex in addiction, and more specifically in its lateral, orbitofrontal, and ventromedial regions. And the severity of the depression often correlates with the extent of the decline in activity in the prefrontal cortex.

  1. Orbitofrontal cortex
  2. Lateral prefrontal cortex
  3. Ventromedial cortex
  4. Limbic system

The prefrontal cortex in addiction is known not only to be involved in emotional responses, but also to have numerous connections with other parts of the brain that are responsible for controlling dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, three neurotransmitters that are important in mood regulation. More specifically, the lateral prefrontal cortex seems to help us choose a course of behavior by letting us assess the various alternatives mentally. The orbitofrontal cortex seems to let us defer certain immediate gratifications and suppress certain emotions in order to obtain greater long-term benefits. And the ventromedial cortex is thought to be one of the sites in the brain where we experience emotions and the meanings of things.

The two halves of the prefrontal cortex in addiction also seem to have specialized functions, with the left half being involved in establishing positive feelings and the right half in establishing negative ones. And indeed, in depressed people, it is the left prefrontal cortex that shows the greatest signs of weakness. In other words, when people are depressed, they find it very hard not only to set goals in order to obtain rewards, but also to believe that such goals can be achieved.

In healthy people, the left prefrontal cortex might also help to inhibit the negative emotions generated by limbic structures such as the amygdalae, which show abnormally high activity in depressed patients. In patients who respond positively to antidepressants, this over activity is reduced. And when the amygdalae remain highly hyperactive despite antidepressant treatment, the likelihood of a patient’s relapsing into depression is high.

It is also interesting to note that when someone’s left prefrontal cortex is operating at full capacity, the levels of glucocorticoids in their blood are generally very low. This follows logically, considering the harmful effects that high levels of glucocorticoids have on mood.

Brain-imaging studies have also shown that in patients with severe depression, the volume of the two hippocampi is reduced. This atrophy may be due to a loss of neurons that is also induced by the toxic effects of the high levels of glucocorticoids associated with recurrent episodes of depression. The extent of atrophy in the hippocampus even seems to be proportional to the sum of the durations of the episodes of depression, and depressions that are treated rapidly do not seem to lead to this reduction in hippocampal volume

Prefrontal cortex in addiction-Effect of Right and Left PFC

 

 

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Primitive brain prevail under stress

April 3, 2014

Primitive brain prevail under stress-Understanding the Science of Stress

Stress

Stress is a serious impediment in our society it cuts across all sectors of life in humanity

You probably have seen or heard stories of people displaying almost unimaginable mighty strength (superhuman-like powers) when confronted with an emergency situation?

If you haven’t then listen to the story of Lindy shared in class one day: “She raised her hand and told of a time when her mother and sister were out working on their farm. Her mother was driving a big farm machine designed to cut the hay that was growing in their field. She didn’t see the youngster playing in the tall wheat stocks. Accidentally, she ran over her young daughter with this big farm machine. Noticing the unusual sensation as she struck her daughter, she stopped the loud engine and hurried off to see what she had run over. Realizing it was her daughter, she panicked not knowing what to do. There was no one around to help. In a moment of extreme alarm, she lifted the very heavy machine off her daughter and pulled her out with one mighty motion. Once she pulled her child out from underneath the machine, she picked her up, and ran all the way back to the farmhouse to call for help”. Afterwards, the mother collapsed from exhaustion, unable to generate any energy. In those few moments of her daughter’s peril, she had become superwoman.

How can we explain this super-human response that releases power and strength beyond anything we have imagined or previously experienced? What physical and psychological factors are responsible for these amazing abilities?

Primitive brain prevail under stress-The Science of Stress

In the last 50 years we have seen a surge of research on stress. Discovering what actually happens in your body and your mind will help you understand the mechanics behind the stress prevention and management skills you will be learning. This knowledge on the science and theory of stress is captivating and provides strong, credible support for understanding why and how stress management techniques work. Based on this knowledge you will come to understand that you use good stress management skills not just because they feel good, but because they are good science, good medicine.

Why do you feel stress in the first place? What is the purpose of this complex interaction of nerves, muscles, hormones, organs and systems that leads to such unpleasant symptoms as sore muscles, headaches and feelings of emotional upset and a host of other side effects? To answer these questions, we need to go back a few thousand years to see what life was like back then. This will help us understand how our bodies are programmed to respond to threat and danger.

Primitive brain prevail under stress-Stress and the Big Bear

Put yourself in the following imaginary scenario: Imagine that you and I live in a place and time where we find no trace of modern conveniences. We have no comfortable homes, no telephones or television, no indoor plumbing, no electricity, no cars to move us around, none of our modern day comforts. For the sake of this article, let’s say that we live in caves or in huts that are out in the “wilds” of some undeveloped area.

Imagine that I have invited you over to my cave because we just killed some big animal and are having a barbeque. Several of our friends are here outside of my cave just having a pleasant time. I have supplied the group with some croquet mallets and balls and we are playing a little croquet on my front lawn. Like I said, we are having a great time.

We are thoroughly enjoying ourselves when, at some point, we notice some rustling of bushes in the distance and then, charging mightily, or hungrily, toward us emerges a huge ferocious-looking bear. This enormous creature has smelled our picnic and wants some of it for himself. He is a menacing creature that could easily put us out of commission with a single swipe of his mighty forearms.

As you imagine yourself in this scenario, one of the first thoughts that will likely pop into your mind is something like, “Uh-Oh! I am in trouble here!” “I am in danger and I am likely to experience some pain!” These immediate thoughts will be followed closely by the next thought, “RUN!” You sense the immediate need to get away from danger. You don’t want to be its dinner. Your next thought might be, “I need to kill this creature to protect my family, myself, and my friends!” “Fight”

The immediate effect of these thoughts is a physiological response that prepares the body to either run with incredible speed, or fight with incredible strength. This response is known as the fight-or-flight response.

Primitive brain prevail under stress-Fight-or-Flight Response

An exciting flood of physiological processes in the body immediately takes place automatically and precisely after the initial thought of “Uh-Oh!” It is a state of physiological and psychological hyperarousal. A cascade of nervous system firings and release of stress hormones lead to immediate responses that help the person deal with danger either by fighting or running. As you read in Lindy’s story in the opening vignette, the fight-or-flight response can be activated to protect both ourselves and others when we perceive danger.

This response is amazingly complex, involving interactions between many organs and systems in our body. While it is not necessary for you to understand every detail of these complex interactions, it is important to understand the science of what is happening in your body and mind when your stress response is activated. You can use this information to guide you in developing an individualized program to prevent and manage stress.

Primitive brain prevail under stress-The Purpose of the Fight-or-Flight Response

It is interesting that the physiological stress response has only one purpose. The fight-or-flight response is designed to help us do one thing, and only one thing, very well. That one and only purpose of this response is to help us SURVIVE! Our bodies are designed for survival. When the big bear is charging at us, our system knows how to protect us from experiencing pain and death. The mechanics for sustaining us are nearly flawless. There is no other purpose for the fight-or-flight response.

Primitive brain prevail under stress-Understanding the Science of Stress

 

 

 

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Dopamine and Addiction

April 1, 2014

Dopamine and Addiction-Their roles

Brain

The brain is affected by both genes and environmental factors

Dopamine is neurotransmitter in the brain that plays vital roles in a variety of different behaviors. The major behaviors dopamine affects are movement, cognition, pleasure, and motivation. Dopamine is an essential component of the basal ganglia motor loop, as well as the neurotransmitter responsible for controlling the exchange of information from one brain area to another. However, it is the role that dopamine plays in pleasure and motivation that attracts the most neurobiologists attention.

In certain areas of the brain when dopamine is released it gives one the feeling of pleasure or satisfaction. These feelings of satisfaction become desired, and the person will grow a desire for the satisfaction. To satisfy that desire the person will repeat behaviors that cause the release of dopamine. For example food and sex release dopamine. That is why people want food even though their body does not need it and why people sometimes need sex. These two behaviors scientifically make sense since the body needs food to survive, and humans need to have sex to allow the race to survive. However, other, less natural behaviors have the same effect on one’s dopamine levels, and at times can even be more powerful. Often these behaviors can result in addiction due their effect on dopamine, and that addiction can have negative effects on a person’s well-being. Two of such behaviors are

Dopamine and Addiction-Cocaine

Cocaine is by far the more severe of the two in terms of addiction. Cocaine chemically inhibits the natural dopamine cycle. Normally, after dopamine is released, it is recycled back into a dopamine transmitting neuron. However, cocaine binds to the dopamine, and does not allow it to be recycled. Thus there is a buildup of dopamine, and it floods certain neural areas. The flood ends after about 30 minutes, and the person is left yearning to feel as he or she once did. That is how the addiction begins. With time adaptation builds up due to the fact that the person is consistently behaving in the same way that he or she had the first time. However, the individual cannot, because dopamine is also released when something pleasurable yet unexpected occurs. During the first time, the person expects the effect, thus less dopamine is released, and the experience is less satisfying. This cause explains why gambling releases dopamine.

Many studies have been done which targeted neural response to rewards. The findings were in agreement that when one performed an action repeatedly, and is given a reward randomly, the dopamine levels rises. If the reward is administered for example every four times the action was performed, the dopamine levels remained constant. Whereas when no reward is given dopamine levels dropped. These random rewards can be seen in gambling and since the outcome is based on chance, one does may not know prior if he or she will win. Therefore, if he or she wins, dopamine levels increases. However, unlike cocaine, gambling causes addiction in relatively low levels of participants. This is because Cocaine’s chemical input is much more influential on dopamine levels than gambling’s behavioral input meaning only people whose dopamine levels are low, become addicted to gambling.

Dopamine and Addiction-Variance in dopamine levels

This is may be due to genetics, environment related or a combination of factors. A study concluded that pathological gamblers most often experienced traumatizing experiences when they were younger. Since most people who became addicted to gambling have low dopamine levels, and also that same group usually has endured a traumatic experience, it was concluded the overall dopamine levels can change due to environmental factors. This supports the opinion that both the mind and the brain can change due to environmental factors.

However, another study has discovered that a gene related to dopamine is sported twice as often in pathological gamblers than non-gamblers. This view supports the observation that dopamine levels are genetic. We can therefore come up with two possible observations. Either both genetics and environmental factors effect ones brain anatomy and mind simultaneously, or that environmental factors can affect genes which in turn affect ones brain and mind.

Dopamine and Addiction-Why is risk and reward a trigger for the release of dopamine?
It’s scientifically logical that sex and food release dopamine, because they are essential for life the life of human beings. Risk and reward are not.  It is believed that everything happens for a reason; meaning, there must be a scientific explanation for the increase of dopamine levels as a result of risk and reward. Let us look at it this way, that the human race is different from other species on this planet not only by its ability to reason, but also its ability to create and be innovative. Therefore nature dictates that humans be creative and innovative, and for this to happen a person should have some level of satisfaction when one accomplishes an innovation.

To accomplish an innovation one has to take risks. It is risky to try to do something that no other being on earth has ever accomplished. Therefore, there must be a reward other than material that one gets when he or she accomplishes the innovation, otherwise that person would not take the risk. The reward here is the release of dopamine and the feeling of satisfaction. The problem with this process is that not only can one be satisfied after a major risk and accomplishment, but that one can also be satisfied through constant minute risks and accomplishments. Gambling is an example of this.

The feeling of satisfaction that dopamine exhibits are so strong that one can often lose his or her ability to reason in order to achieve satisfaction. It is then the unconscious that takes over and begins to make certain decisions. The brain develops neural circuits that unconsciously assess reward. Since dopamine plays an active role in these circuits, people will act in what they think is in their best interest, when in fact the only interest it satisfies is the release of dopamine. This can be exemplified in gambling where one insists on gambling even though he or she knows that the odds are against them.

This is the case in all casino games, where the games are structured for the house to win. Probability and reason no longer are the most important factors in decision making. The unconscious need for the release of dopamine becomes most important. This supports the observation that the unconscious plays a vital role in decision making.

From this article of dopamine and addiction we can make some fair general observations about the brain that:

  • Both a chemical (cocaine) and a behavior (gambling) can have the same effect on the brain.
  • The brain is affected by both genes and environmental factors, and that most likely the environmental factors affect genes which affect the brain.
  • Dopamine makes humans take risks so that they may achieve greater innovations.
  • Through gambling the unconscious is constantly making important decisions.

Dopamine and Addiction-Their roles

 

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Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system

March 19, 2014

Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system-How does the reward center in the brain work?

Brain

The brain is the life controller and must not be affected by opioid addiction or abuse

Life is the most precious and price less gift humanity has. This is only useful and meaning full with proper functioning brain. We all understand that the brain is certainly a busy little organ yet it is on duty tirelessly for life without taking any vacation, the moment it possess for whatever reason life ends or serenity is rearranged. Despite it busy roles in driving the body; it knows fun and pleasure when it sees it. When an external stimulus, such as a particular food or a potential mate, has been encountered and deemed a pleasurable sensation, the cerebral cortex signals the ventral tegmental area of the brain to release the chemical dopamine into the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus acumens. These latter regions of the brain make up the reward system. These areas work in conjunction to deliver a sense of pleasure and focus the attention of the individual so that he or she learns to repeat the behavior once more. Researchers theorize that this is how behaviors necessary for survival, such as reproduction and eating, are learned.

Interestingly, the reward center doesn’t kick into gear only when we eat something delicious or meet a potential new love interest. It turns out that generosity can be quite a kick too! MRI studies have revealed that when we perform an act of kindness, the brain’s reward center is aroused and we experience feelings of pleasure. The brain is flooded with happiness-inducing dopamine whenever we give a homeless person some money or help out someone in need. A study conducted in 2008 confirmed the belief that spending money on other people can result in elevated feelings of happiness for the giver.

It might not be all fun and games for the reward center, however, a recent study came to a startling conclusion that the brain’s reward center responds to bad experiences as well as good. Doing something scary or even merely thinking about it can trigger a release of dopamine. In essence, dopamine isn’t just triggered by fun and pleasurable events. Negative things can do the trick too.

Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system-Reward pathway

The most important reward pathway in brain is the mesolimbic dopamine system. This circuit (VTA-NAc) is a key detector of a rewarding stimulus. Under normal conditions, the circuit controls an individual’s responses to natural rewards, such as food, sex, and social interactions, and is therefore an important determinant of motivation and incentive drive. In simplistic terms, activation of the pathway tells the individual to repeat what it just did to get that reward. It also tells the memory centers in the brain to pay particular attention to all features of that rewarding experience, so it can be repeated in the future. Not surprisingly, it is a very old pathway from an evolutionary point of view. The use of dopamine neurons to mediate behavioral responses to natural rewards is seen in worms and flies, which evolved 1-2 billion years ago.

The VTA-NAc pathway is part of a series of parallel, integrated circuits, which involve several other key brain regions.

The VTA is the site of dopaminergic neurons, which tell the organism whether an environmental stimulus (natural reward, drug of abuse, stress) is rewarding or aversive.

The NAc, also called ventral striatum, is a principle target of VTA dopamine neurons. This region mediates the rewarding effects of natural rewards and drugs of abuse.

The amygdala is particularly important for conditioned forms of learning. It helps an organism establish associations between environmental cues and whether or not that particular experience was rewarding or aversive, for example, remembering what accompanied finding food or fleeing a predator. It also interacts with the VTA-NAc pathway to determine the rewarding or aversive value of an environmental stimulus (natural reward, drug of abuse, stress).

The hippocampus is critical for declarative memory, the memory of persons, places, or things. Along with the amygdala, it establishes memories of drug experiences which are important mediators of relapse.

The hypothalamus is important for coordinating an individual’s interest in rewards with the body’s physiological state. This region integrates brain function with the physiological needs of the organism.

Probably the most important, but least understood, are frontal regions of cerebral cortex, such as medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex, which provide executive control over choices made in the environment (for example, whether to seek a reward).

The locus coeruleus is the primary site of noradrenergic neurons in the brain, which pervasively modulate brain function to regulate the state of activation and mood of the organism.

The dorsal raphe is the primary site of serotonergic neurons in the brain, which, like noradrenergic neurons, pervasively modulate brain function to regulate the state of activation and mood of the organism.

Of course, these various brain regions, and many more, do not function separately. Rather, they function in a highly inter-related manner and mediate an individual’s responses to a range of environmental stimuli.

Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system-What are opioids?

Opioids are medications that relieve pain. They reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain and affect those brain areas controlling emotion, which diminishes the effects of a painful stimulus. Medications that fall within this class include hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin), oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin, Percocet), morphine (e.g., Kadian, Avinza), codeine, and related drugs. Hydrocodone products are the most commonly prescribed for a variety of painful conditions, including dental and injury-related pain. Morphine is often used before and after surgical procedures to alleviate severe pain. Codeine, on the other hand, is often prescribed for mild pain.

Symptoms of opioid abuse can be categorized by physical state.

Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system-Intoxication state

Patients with opioid use disorders frequently relapse and present with intoxication. Symptoms vary according to level of intoxication. For mild to moderate intoxication, individuals may present with drowsiness, pupillary constriction, and slurred speech. For severe overdose, patients may experience respiratory depression, stupor, and coma. A severe overdose may be fatal.

Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system-Withdrawal state

Symptoms of withdrawal include the following:

  • Autonomic symptoms – diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation, shivering, nausea, emesis, piloerection
  • Central nervous system arousal – sleeplessness, restlessness, tremors
  • Pain – abdominal cramping, bone pains, and diffuse muscle aching
  • Craving – for the medication

Opioid abuse and its effects to the brain reward system-How does the reward center in the brain work?

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Alcohol Brain Connection, Your Memory and Judgement

January 13, 2014

Alcohol Brain Connection

 

Alcohol affects decision-making and judgment

Alcohol Brain Connection; Alcohol is a depressant that affects your coordination, judgment, vision, reaction time, decision making and multitasking ability. Alcohol affects your ability to detect danger and make good decisions that will help you overcome the impending danger. At some point you can make good decision to avoid an incoming accident but when your brain is under the influence of alcohol, your reaction time in evading danger is slowed. In addition, when there is an alcoholic substance in your body while driving, your perception on distance and speed are tampered with. This will make you confuse things that are closer to you as being very far away. You will feel that you are speeding at the recommended speed when you are actually overspending. Alcohol Brain Connection; You need acute perception, quick decision making and multitasking ability to perform tasks correctly, accurately and safely. Even one drink can tamper with the normal functioning of your brain and remember performing certain tasks while you are under the influence of alcohol is illegal and can land you in jail.

Alcohol Brain Connection; The Executive functions of the brain are compromised even if you stop the alcohol use

Executive functions of the brain are those capacities that are commonly linked to the frontal lobes or frontal cortex. You will find that they guide complex human behavior over time through accurate planning, rational decision making and quick response control. Studies that have been conducted by neurologists reveal that certain cognitive components of brain’s executive functioning are compromised during the early stages of alcohol abstinence. The doctors’ attempt to come up with new strategies of alcohol treatment has been complicated by these new findings because of the various implications they have brought.

Alcohol Brain Connection: Years of excessive alcohol drinking are known to bring impairment on cognitive flexibility, proper thinking and inhibition of competing responses. These abilities of the brain and so many others are the one that are generally referred to as executive functions of the brain. As I explained above, cognitive operation that is linked to the brains frontal cortex guide complex behavior over time through accurate planning, rational decision-making and quick response control. Researchers have shown that several domains of brains executive functions are compromised during the early stages of abstinence, and this is the time when patients are required to draw on their cognitive abilities as part of the alcohol treatment process.
The term executive functioning is normally used in business world, where you find the executive is the one that is responsible for monitoring all the departments that are under a certain organization or company. Just like the executive in a company, the executive functioning of the brain ensures that an individual is moving forward in an effective and efficient manner as possible. So, in the real world of human population, executive functioning help us to define who we are and how we can organize our life in order for us to enjoy life and live longer. They will also help us to understand how we can plan and execute any plan that we have for our life.

Alcohol Brain Connection; Executive functions are the most important aspects of our life. These aspects are defined differently by different researchers and theorists. Most of these people agree that the brains executive functions are human qualities that help people to identify themselves as independent individuals with foresight and purpose in the society-what to do and how to behave. Common executive abilities that you will find among people include problem solving, judgment, planning, decision making and social conduct, and you will find that these abilities depend on many of our cognitive abilities such as language, perception, attention, memory and language.

Researchers have found that the consumption of alcohol affects the brains executive functioning both chronically and acutely. On how it affects the brains executive functioning acutely, a single heavy dose of alcohol will make a person to have decreased brains executive memory referred to as working memory, Alcohol Brain Connection. Working memory enables a person to juggle several cognitive balls at the same without losing focus. In simple terms it helps to remember our recent past activities. In terms of chronic or excessive alcohol consumption, the effects are much broader and can bring some damage to the frontal lobes. This is the brain’s region where executive functioning takes place. You will find that among those people who have abstained from alcohol consumption, they may experience some residual effects as a result of their drinking. The impairment of  these same brain areas leads to the disease of alcohol dependence, making it impossible for the person to exert conscious will over whether they can stop drinking or not.

Outpatient Detox Programs and Treatments

Many rehab facilities and medical doctors recommend an outpatient treatment, especially when it comes to NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) detox procedures. It’s a great way for patients to still take part in these programs without having the need to regularly attend in-house treatments. They can enjoy normal life among family and friends, while undergoing NER detox treatments and have a normal, stable and healthy life. This also makes it easier for patients to complete, especially those who do not have severe cases to treat. Doctors also prefer this, as patients won’t be locked in a treatment facility but rather they will be able to enjoy daily life and have a normal routine, even including work in some cases. Outpatient treatments are very efficient as patients don’t feel they are forced into anything. They voluntarily attend these treatments and see what benefits it provides in their daily lives. This gives them the inspiration the need to continue their treatment.

Alcohol Brain Connection; Outpatient Detox Programs and Treatments

Many rehab facilities and medical doctors recommend an outpatient treatment, especially when it comes to NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) detox procedures. It’s a great way for patients to still take part in these programs without having the need to regularly attend in-house treatments. They can enjoy normal life among family and friends, while undergoing NER detox treatments and have a normal, stable and healthy life. This also makes it easier for patients to complete, especially those who do not have severe cases to treat. Doctors also prefer this, as patients won’t be locked in a treatment facility but rather they will be able to enjoy daily life and have a normal routine, even including work in some cases. Outpatient treatments are very efficient as patients don’t feel they are forced into anything. They voluntarily attend these treatments and see what benefits it provides in their daily lives. This gives them the inspiration the need to continue their treatment.

 Alcohol Brain Connection, Your Memory and Judgement

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