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Men, Addiction and Intimacy

Men, Addiction and Intimacy

Basically a substance use disorder is a form of disorder whereby the continuous use of a substance causes a profound deficiency or stress which requires medical attention.

There are various factors which are associated with substance use in people and specifically to men. We can subdivide these factors into neurobiological and psychosocial factors.

What Are These Neurobiological Factors That Are Associated With Substance Use Disorders?

Men, Addiction and IntimacyNeurobiology is basically referred as the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system. From these basic definition we can define neurobiological factors as those factors that relate to the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system.

  • Genetic factors

Most scholars believe that the inclination to a particular addictive disorder is greatly influenced by the collaboration of various genes. For instance the risk for alcohol addiction is dependent on the same genes that increase the risk for problem gambling.

  • Parental gestational trauma

The amount and kind of trauma a mother undergoes during her pregnancy greatly affects the developing foetal brain, since all the neurons we have were developed during the gestation period. Recent studies have shown that the maternal traumatic experiences have a negative impact on the growth and development of a child whether male or female.one study in particular has shown that the level of a mother’s apprehension during pregnancy is proportional to the youngster’s awakening cortisol level at a later age, consequentially affects their susceptibility to these disorders.

  • Insufficient affection to the newborn

Most of the mental growth in a newborn occurs in the first few years of life and as expected is greatly influenced by the physical conditions surrounding the child. A boy who has grown in a place where affection is little tends to find a hobby that fills the emotional hole created. In most cases, the hobby is related to use of harmful substances such as marijuana and alcohol.

  • Traumatic experiences in childhood

It has been clearly proved that teen victimization in males has affected thousands of lives in their adulthood. The development of alcoholism is acute in men who have had prior exposure to either sexual or mental abuse.

What are these psychosocial factors related to substance use disorder?

Social factors are those factors relating to the social structure and processes that in some way influence a person while Psychological factors tend to deal with mental states of individuals. Psychosocial factors is then defined to be those factors relating to the interaction between an individual and the society at large.

  • Gender

It is evident from different cultural backgrounds of the world that women in general are allowed to express their emotional anguish without a problem while in men it is seen has a sign of weakness. Hence men over the years have found the use of substances such as alcohol to be an acceptable way to relieve stress.

  • The prevailing economic situations

During economic recession when employment is scarce, the likelihood of a youngster to engage in criminal activities such as the illicit sale of drugs, alcohol and other substances is intensified.

  • Physical environment

Male teenagers tend to associate with groups in order to fit in and feel accepted.in group dynamics or in any natural order there exists a stage in which there is some form of initiation passage done for a new member. The passage may include continuous consumption of drugs.

  • Religion

In certain religious groups, the use of substances such as alcohol and drugs is considered to be part of the spiritual growth. Although such practices cannot be ruled out as unethical to some level but there is always that possibility of addictive disorders associated with constant intake.

How These Factors Tend To Affect the Development of Healthy Relationships in Men

A male child who grows up in a home where there is little or no affection tends to have a difficult time forming relationships. One reason for such a behavior may be the fear of intimacy as it appears new to him.

When it comes to marriage this lack of affection may work out in two scenarios whereby he might either have a difficult time emotionally bonding with his spouse and children or he might try to compensate for what he lacked through extra attention to his family.

A young man who had been victimized earlier in life tends to have self-esteem issues which can manifest through compulsive behaviors such as bullying others in relationships in an effort to take back power.

Men, Addiction and Intimacy

The effects of early childhood trauma such as violence between parents negatively influences a man’s response to commitment in a relationship as he becomes afraid of repeating his parents’ mistakes and having to live a horrible life afterwards.

The physical environment in a young man’s life influences his response to both the political and social environments. We can take an example of a case whereby a man in his early years of growth found himself on the wrong side of the law is bound to be rebellious and tends to have little or no respect to the rule of law.

In recent times we have been experiencing a form of cultural erosion to the fundamental networks our ancestors used to practice. The challenges that men have to face in life have tremendously increased with rising causes of suicides due to pressure to provide for his family.

In essence male children vary in the extent to which early attachments influence their future, it may happen that irrespective of the challenges faced by a youngster in his growth he actually manages to live a fulfilling life.

The worldwide site which has proven professionals who can help you recover from any addiction is the www.awaremednetwork.com. If you need help on recovery you just need to call or visit Awaremed Wellness And Resource Center

Neurobiological Factors That Are Associated With Substance Use Disorders?

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The US Drugs Control Strategy

The Us Drugs Control Strategy May Favor Physicians

The 2014 US drugs control policy came as an advancement of the 2013 National Drug Control Strategy, which emphasized for an approach based on scientific research on addiction, evidence-based prevention programs, increased access to treatment, a historic emphasis on recovery, and criminal justice reform. This policy seeks to reduce the increasing rates drug addictions triggered deaths which have been on a rise.

This policy is actually an incentive and a sure new income stream for Physician who are professionals in drug addiction recovery. Physicians need to take advantage of this law to learn about the natural treatment of addiction and implement it in their offices for realization of great psychological and financial rewards.

The US National Drug Control Strategy 2014 is a continuation of the approach of the Obama administration’s earlier strategies with an emphasis on early intervention, treatment, recovery support, criminal justice reform, effective law enforcement, and international cooperation. While the overall framework, goals, and the agency responsibilities set out in Obama’s first Strategy remain in effect, the 2014 Strategy seeks to address issues such as declining perceptions of harm and increases of use of cannabis among young people, problem opioid use disorders and new synthetic drugs. The strategy has goals to be attained by 2015 including a decrease in the 30-day prevalence of drug use among 12- to 17-year-olds by 15 percent and a reduction of drug-induced deaths by 15 percent.

Why should physicians take advantage of this policy?

The physicians should actually take advantage of this policy to research on the natural treatments for addiction. The process of researching on new ways through which a given disease can be treated is obviously an expensive adventure. Many physicians may not afford to conduct sufficient research due to the limitations in resources required in the process of conducting the research.

The intervention of the US government has not only given the physicians a go ahead to conduct these researches but also allocated resources to sponsor any physician who seeks to contribute to the achievements of the drugs control strategy‘s objectives. Some of the treatments when discovered need to be piloted on. The right to administer a medication on a human being to determine its effectiveness requires authorization. With the US government’s drugs control strategy, it is very unlikely that such rights will not be granted, and thus the physicians’ experimentation process receives a boost.

What does the drug control strategy entail?

The drugs policy strategy has its key issues outlined. These are the key issues that must be addressed for the realization of the strategy’s objectives. The following are these key issues outlined by the strategy:-

  • Strengthening the Efforts to Prevent Drug Use in the Communities

The strategy here, looks at addiction as controllable if prevented in the first place. It focuses on the community and the role which each of the persons in the community can play in controlling the drug substance use and hence controlling addiction. It seeks to strengthen the community’s norms against drugs abuse. It also views the personal educational achievements as one of the causations of drugs abuse. It therefore emphasizes on the need to ensure self-sufficiency in the community.

  • Seek Early Intervention Opportunities in Health Care

The strategy emphasizes on the needs to diagnose the disorder drug usage and control it before it causes disorders to the patient. This makes the health care costs lower than treating the disorders when left to occur. This can be helpful to the physicians if they device a natural treatment which can diagnose and control the early symptoms of the drugs’ disorders.

  • Integration of substance use disorder treatment into health care

The US government also strategized to Integrate Treatment for Substance Use Disorders into Health Care and to Expand Support for Recovery. Since the process of recovery from drug addiction is a long process, this strategy seeks to make it possible for the patients to be able to get support from health care professional. It also discourages the use of opioids in the treatment of pain, since it is known to be addictive. If the physicians can exploit this opportunity by researching on the natural effective natural treatment, they can get the backup of the government as offering the appropriate medication and hence realization of great financial rewards.

 

  • Break the Cycle of Drug Use, Crime, Delinquency, and Incarceration

Drug addiction may lead to the abuser being charged before a court of law especially if the addiction is from an illegal drug. Even after the sentence, the person is likely to repeat the punishable behaviors and form a crime cycle. To end this cycle, breaking of the drug cycle is importanr. This strategy proposes that during the sentence, the addict should be put under recovery scheme which should continue even after the sentence.

If you need help with addiction or know of a friend suffering from this addiction, call in live or email us and we will help you get trusted treatment and advice. We are true professionals with proven track records and are very reliable in treatment.

The Us Drugs Control Strategy May Favor Physicians

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Alcoholic Relapse

Alcoholic Relapse – Social and Emotional Causes

Alcohol

In treating drug addiction relapse will be a common occurrence. Alcoholic relapsing need not to give up as this is normal and will be over-come with time.

Relapse is a common occurrence in management of various addictions. When a recovering patient relapses several times they may get discouraged but this is generally not an indication of treatment failure but just a confirmation that some progress is being made and more needs to be done in the same line. The truth is over 80% of people treated for alcoholism relapse not just during treatment but even after years of abstinence. Patients and their caregivers should understand that relapses of alcoholism are analogous to recurrent flare-ups of chronic physical diseases. Factors that place a person at high risk for relapse include:

  • Frustration and anger
  • Social pressure
  • Internal temptation

Mental and Emotional Stress – Alcohol blocks out emotional pain and is often perceived as a loyal friend when human relationships fail. It is also associated with freedom and with a loss of inhibition that offsets the tedium of daily routines. When the alcoholic tries to quit drinking, the brain seeks to restore what it perceives to be its equilibrium. The brain responds with depression, anxiety, and stress (the emotional equivalents of physical pain), which are produced by brain chemical imbalances. These negative moods continue to tempt alcoholics to return to drinking long after physical withdrawal symptoms have abated.

Codependency – Many aspects of the ex-drinker’s relationships change when drinking stops, making it difficult to remain abstinent:

  • One of the most difficult problems that occur is being around other people who are able to drink socially without danger of addiction. A sense of isolation, a loss of enjoyment, and the ex-drinker’s belief that pity, not respect, is guiding a friend’s attitude can lead to loneliness, low self-esteem, and a strong desire to drink again.
  • Friends may not easily accept the sober, perhaps more subdued, ex-drinker. Close friends and even intimate partners may have difficulty in changing their responses to this newly sober person and, even worse, may encourage a return to drinking.
  • To preserve marriages, spouses of alcoholics often build their own self-images on surviving or handling their mates’ difficult behavior and then discover that they find it difficult to adjust to new roles and behaviors.

In order to maintain abstinence, the ex-drinker may need to separate from these enablers. Close friends and family members can find help in understanding and dealing with these issues through social groups.

Social and Cultural Pressures – The media has become a powerful communication tool for the pleasures of drinking in advertising and programming. The medical benefits of light-to-moderate drinking are frequently publicized, giving ex-drinkers the false excuse of returning to alcohol for their health.

Risk Factors

It is amazing that even with obvious health risk of alcohol people are still very much into drinking. It has become a global problem with the west taking the lead in alcohol abuse. America for example is struggling with this problem of alcohol abuse with most under age getting into drinking habit. Most American adults drink at levels that put them at risk for alcohol dependence and alcohol-related problems. Let us therefore look at some of the risk factors for alcohol dependence may include:

Age

Drinking in Adolescence – we all know that alcohol consumption is very unhealthy in all dimensions, the risks of alcohol use gets more complicated depending on when one begins taking alcohol and the duration of usage. For instance anyone who begins drinking in adolescence is at risk for developing alcoholism. The earlier a person begins drinking, the greater the risk and so young people at highest risk for early drinking are those with a history of abuse, family violence, depression, and stressful life events. People with a family history of alcoholism are also more likely to begin drinking before the age of 20 and to become alcoholic. Such adolescent drinkers are also more apt to underestimate the effects of drinking and to make judgment errors, such as going on binges or driving after drinking, than young drinkers without a family history of alcoholism.

Drinking in the Elderly Population – Although alcoholism usually develops in early adulthood the elderly are not safe either. They are also affected though in a different way for example those who maintain the same drinking patterns as they age can easily develop alcohol dependency without realizing it. It will take a fewer drinks to become intoxicated, and older organs can be damaged by smaller amounts of alcohol than those of younger people. Besides all these, many medications prescribed for older people interact adversely with alcohol.

Gender

Majority of alcohol users are men though the women population drinking is also rising by the day. Studies suggest that women are more vulnerable than men to many of the long-term consequences of alcoholism. For example, women are more likely than men to develop alcoholic hepatitis and to die from cirrhosis, and again they are more vulnerable to the brain cell damage caused by alcohol.

History of Abuse

The load of individuals past life style will have great significance in the present. Those brought up by alcoholic parents have a higher risk for substance abuse later in life. In one study, 72% of women and 27% of men with substance abuse disorders reported physical or sexual abuse or both. They also had worse response to treatment than those without such a history.

Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders

Psychiatric Disorders – Severely depressed or anxious people are at high risk for alcoholism, smoking, and other forms of addiction. Likewise, a large proportion of alcohol-dependent people suffer from an accompanying psychiatric or substance abuse disorder. Either anxiety or depression may increase the risk for self-medication with alcohol. Depression is the most common psychiatric problem in people with alcoholism or substance abuse. Alcohol abuse is very common in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Long-term alcoholism itself may cause chemical changes that produce anxiety and depression. It is not always clear, then, whether people with emotional disorders are self-medicating with alcohol, or whether alcohol itself is producing mood swings.

In conclusion, I believe you’re up to date with the social aspects of alcohol use. In our introduction we illustrated how relapse is a common happening addiction treatment and probably this is your area of concern and I want to offer you an opportunity to get over it. This is not something you can go through on your own, you will need the opinion of experts in this line and Dr. Dalal Akoury who is also the founder of AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center is the person you need right now. She is offering her exclusive NER Recovery Treatment to every addicted patients in the most natural and professional way. Choosing to call doctor Akoury is the best thing you can do to help you overcome your addiction problems and get your life back in real time.

Alcoholic Relapse – Social and Emotional Causes

 

 

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Alcohol the substance of Early Death

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – Drug Addiction

Alcohol

The display in alcohol shops are very glittering but the effects of alcohol content in them is very fatal. Do i say it is the business of death!

The title of this article should not scare you in any way because it is not a fiction in any way. Alcohol is not only the number one addictive substance but also number one killer. It is leading because it does not only kill its abusers but also very innocent people who have never tasted alcohol in their entire life time. The magnitude of alcohol effects are so real and many that researchers have had difficult time determining exactly what are the consequences of drinking this substance which has been associated with earlier death. The health complications associated with alcohol consumption include heart attack, diabetes, heart failure and stroke or lung disease. Therefore those who drink regularly are subjecting their life into several risks including:

  • People who drink regularly have a higher rate of death from injury, accidents or violence triggered by alcohol consumption.
  • Alcohol overdose may lead to death. The danger is so particular with young people in the adolescence stage of life. Young people may want to impress their peers with their ability to drink alcohol, the feelings of belonging motivates them into taking alcohol even though they may not be able to gauge its effects. However it is important to note that alcohol overdose doesn’t only occur from any one heavy drinking incident, but may also occur from a constant infusion of alcohol in the bloodstream.
  • Severe withdrawal and delirium tremens. Delirium tremens occurs in about 5% of alcoholics. It includes progressively severe withdrawal symptoms and altered mental states and in some cases, it can be fatal.
  • Frequent, heavy alcohol use directly harms many areas in the body and produce dangerous health conditions like liver damage, pancreatitis, anemia, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, nerve damage, and erectile dysfunction.
  • Alcohol abusers who need surgery have an increased risk of postoperative complications, including infections, bleeding, insufficient heart and lung functions, and problems with wound healing. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms after surgery may impose further stress on the patient and hinder recuperation.

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – The Effects of Hangover

  • Although not traditionally thought of as a medical problem, hangovers have significant consequences that include changes in liver function, hormonal balance, and mental functioning and an increased risk for depression and cardiac events.
  • Hangovers can impair job performance, increasing the risk for mistakes and accidents.
  • Hangovers are generally more common in light-to-moderate drinkers than heavy and chronic drinkers, suggesting that binge drinking can be as threatening as chronic drinking.
  • Any man who drinks more than five drinks or any woman who has more than three drinks at one time is at risk for a hangover.

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – Accidents, Suicide, and Murder

Majority of deaths on our roads are facilitated by drink driving giving alcohol lead role in accidents, suicide, and crime therefore:

  • Alcohol plays a major role in more than half of all automobile fatalities across the globe.
  • Alcohol-related automobile accidents are the leading causes of death in young people.
  • When it comes to alcohol we do not have favorable limits for safe drinking because two drinks can impair the ability to drive and even one drink may double the risk of injury, and more than four drinks increase the risk by 11 times therefore the only safe way is not drinking at all.
  • Alcoholism is the primary diagnosis in a quarter of all people who commit suicide.
  • Alcohol is implicated in over half of all murder cases, with this ratio of one to one you can only desire to stop drinking.

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – Domestic Violence

If you have been to the alcoholic residence, you may have notice the elusiveness of peace and poor or no communication, conflicts and suspicion. The members of such households are not independent and expressive than non-alcoholic households or even recovering alcoholic parents. Domestic violence is a common consequence of alcohol abuse.

Effect on Women – women often are the victims of domestic violence, they incur serious injuries from their male partners who are abusing alcohol

Effect on Children – alcoholism in parents also increases the risk for violent behavior and abuse toward children. Children of alcoholic parents tend to do worse academically than others, have a higher incidence of depression, anxiety, and stress and lower self-esteem than their peers. In addition to their own inherited risk for later alcoholism, many children of alcoholics have serious coping problems that may last their entire life. Adult children of alcoholic parents are at higher risk for divorce and for psychiatric symptoms.

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – Other Addictions

Recent studies are finding some relationship between genetic factors in alcohol and nicotine addiction relationship which may explain partially why alcoholics are often smokers. Alcohol consumption combine with smoking can be life threatening some studies have established that people who are alcohol-dependent and also smoke at the same time are more likely to die of smoking-related illnesses than alcohol-related conditions. Abuse of other drugs is also common among alcoholics. For more you can make reference in our previous article mixing alcohol with other drugs-dual diagnosis

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – Liver Disorders

Alcoholic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis – Alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine and passes directly into the liver, where it becomes the preferred energy source thereby endangering the functions of the liver where alcohol is converted to toxic chemicals like acetaldehyde, which trigger the production of immune factors called cytokines when these appears in large amounts they can cause inflammation and tissue injury. Even moderate alcohol intake can produce pain in the upper right quarter of the abdomen — a possible symptom of liver involvement. In many cases, such symptoms may be an indication of fatty liver or alcohol hepatitis, which are reversible liver conditions. Many alcohol consumers often drink on an empty stomach this increases the risk for liver damage.

Hepatitis B and C – People with alcoholism may have lifestyles that put them at higher risk for hepatitis B and C. Chronic forms of viral hepatitis pose risks for cirrhosis and liver cancer, and alcoholism significantly increases these risks. People with alcoholism should be immunized against hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. the dangers of not having a vaccine can only mean that if you are alcoholic then more health problems. You can recover from all these by visiting AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center. This facility is founded by doctor Dalal Akoury is well known for her commitment in eradicating addiction and other related health complications. She is an expert of several decades and administers treatment efficiently and naturally by focusing on Neuroendocrine Restoration (NER) to reinstate normality through realization of the oneness of Spirit, Mind, and Body, Unifying the threesome into ONE. The unity of these elements will be the much needed breakthrough for your addiction problem.

Alcohol the substance of Early Death – Drug Addiction

 

 

 

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Drug Addiction and Suicide

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Addiction’s Hidden Risks

Addiction

Drug addiction is an indicator to suicide. It brings depression and painful stress that can only result in suicide, seek for help before it is too late

I love life and I strongly believe that you do too. Each person has his or her own peculiar reasons of being a live and there are so many set objectives that we want to accomplish while still alive. These objectives are either set to us by people around us or our own desired goals but the bottom line is that we have them. We may not be able to achieve these objectives if we are not sober in our minds. To be sober we must all desire to stay away from all kind of drugs and drug related activities or influences. We must make all efforts to ensure that our neighborhood is safe and free from any kind of substance abuse. Our children must be brought up morally sound and any element of depression avoided by all means. Doing this should be a collective responsibility to everyone because the consequences of drugs are fatal and suicidal. Therefore anyone who cares about an addict will have several concerns. For instance:

  • The fear of getting serious accident and other body injuries
  • The fear of losing a loved one
  • The fear of drug overdose
  • The fear of committing suicide

These are weighty concerns but for the purpose of this article we will dwell more on the suicide as a consequence emanating from drug abuse. To start us off suicide is a well-known risk for those suffering from mental health problems requiring special medical attention in the assessment and treatment of addiction. You must take keen attention on depression and other mood disorders because these are the primary indicators of risk factors for suicide. Besides this alcohol and general drug abuse are also influential in triggering suicide. As a matter of fact studies have established that alcoholism is a strong indicator even without being depressed and those suffering from drug use disorders are said to be about six times likely to commit suicide than the population not using drugs.

Drug abuse does not only increase the likelihood that a person will take his or her own life, but it is also used as a means for committing suicide. Statistics indicate that for every three people dying from suicide one will be as a result of drug influence and specifically opiates such as oxycodone or heroin, or alcohol. Poisoning is another leading method used in suicide deaths again drugs make up to 75 percent of suicide deaths due to poisoning.

Drug Addiction and Suicide –When Hope Runs Out

Have you ever wondered why suicide is the tragic fate of so many people struggling with addiction? There are a few possible explanations which may include the following:

  • When under the influence of drugs or alcohol, people may lose inhibitions and take risks they would not do when sober.
  • Many people abuse drugs or alcohol in an attempt to relieve the symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions.
  • The rate of major depression is two to four times higher among addicts than the general population.

Although drugs may seem to help in the short term, they exacerbate problems over time. When attempting to stop using drugs, people may feel overwhelmed by the return of painful emotions that they had been medicating with drugs. They may also be clear-headed enough to carry out suicidal thoughts and plans. Transitions, such as entering or leaving treatment, relapse, and death, divorce or other major life changes, can be especially vulnerable times.

Abusing drugs, especially depressants such as alcohol or sedatives, can also trigger symptoms of depression, increasing the risk of suicide. As the consequences of addiction pile up, from legal problems and damaged relationships to financial ruin and job loss, individuals may lose all hope that things can get better and for some the feeling of impossibilities may take center stage where victims only see two possible ways of relief i.e. getting back into drugs use or death.

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Treatment and Prevention

The best way of solving the problem of suicide is to prevent it from taking place however treatment will be very fundamental if you are already deep into drugs. It is estimated that about 45% of suicide patients are those suffering from untreated drug abuse disorders. This great number is due to several factors like stigma. Many people often fail to seek for help because of the stigma besides luck of proper training in suicide prevention. It is important that individuals suffering from drug addiction owns up early and seek for immediate recovery process. This will go a long way in containing the situation and suicide can be prevented as a result of treatment.

There are very few primary care physicians trained to help identify and prevent suicide nonetheless the few in administering treatment must not shy away from establishing the genesis of the problem by asking turf questions that would not otherwise be asked. Such questions will be helpful is addressing suicidal ideation even when the patient is struggling or has in the past struggled with addiction, depression or other mental health disorders. It is important that someone ask the difficult question like;

  • Whether the patient has ever considered or attempted suicide
  • Whether they are currently think about or intend to commit suicide.

The patients need to be shown love and let them know that they are not alone and that they are cared for. Impacting the spirit of hope in them is very vital this can be a collaborative effort between them and their loved ones to help create a lasting recovery plan that guarantees their safety and then addressing the underlying issues in trust by a trusted health provider.

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Threats

We worry about the addicts in our lives for good reason. They are at high risk of death by a number of causes including:

  • Diseases
  • Accident
  • Suicide

Suicide prevention requires a multifaceted approach, but it all hinges on the person reaching out for help and effective treatment being available when they take that brave step of turning away from their behaviors. Finally a decision to seek for help is the best thing you can do for yourself. You may want to seek for expert opinion at AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under Doctor Akoury’s care. Doctor Akoury is a medical professional with several decades of experience and together with her team of experienced experts they will focus on Neuroendocrine Restoration (NER) to reinstate normality through realization of the oneness of Spirit, Mind, and Body, Unifying the threesome into ONE

Drug Addiction and Suicide – Addiction’s Hidden Risks

 

 

 

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