The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the last several decades. Obesity, particularly upper body obesity (UBO), is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), dyslipidemia, and hypertension. These associations describe the metabolic syndrome, a clustering of symptoms with insulin resistance as a core cause. Currently, the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is above average deeming both conditions important public health issues, requiring immediate efforts to understand these diseases and reduce their occurrence.
Stress response:
Stress is a challenge to the natural homeostasis of an organism. Animals react to stress by producing a physiological stress response to regain equilibrium lost by the stressor. The stress response is characterized by acute behavioral and physical adaptations, including increased cognition, analgesia, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and inhibition of reproduction.
There are two major components of the stress response: the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which encompasses the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and the HPA axis. These systems work centrally and peripherally to produce several responses. The ‘fight or flight response’ is an active reaction to either confront the stressor or escape confrontation.
The ‘defeat response’ is when the individual does not engage in either the fight or flight response and ultimately ‘loses’ the confrontation; this is the primary stress response in modern society and is associated with HPA axis changes. Although the ANS is a key element of the stress response, the purpose of this review is to discuss the role of the HPA axis in obesity and metabolic disease.
Stress can be caused by external stressors such as employment or social strains or by intrinsic stressors such as sleep deprivation. Although an acute short-term stress response is necessary for homeostasis recovery, chronic or prolonged stress responses can be harmful and may cause several disease states. A study on women reported that history of depression was associated with hyperactivity of the HPA axis and decreased bone mineral density. In the past 30 years, numerous studies have shown that obesity and other metabolic risk factors are associated with lower socioeconomic status, job strain, sleep deprivation, and depression
The HPA axis is one of two major neuroendocrine systems associated with the stress response. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), secreted from the Para-ventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, stimulates the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Other hypothalamic ACTH secretagogues are arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, also produced in the PVN. Physical stressors such as hypoglycemia, hemorrhage, and immune stimuli activate PVN neurons expressing arginine vasopressin and CRH. ACTH stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal cortex.
The first evidence that cortisol levels may be related to obesity and metabolic disease was based on clinical observations of Cushing’s syndrome; the pathological hypercortisolemia in Cushing’s syndrome is associated with UBO, glucose intolerance [impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)], and hypertension. Adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome patients reverses IGT and obesity.Studies in the field of obesity research in the past 10 years have demonstrated that obesity and metabolic syndrome are characterized by chronic inflammation.
Genetic polymorphisms of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in obesity
Currently, there are few genetic polymorphisms that present with both functional alterations in the HPA axis and obesity. Several polymorphisms at the level of ACTH synthesis, and in genes associated with glucocorticoid receptor or local cortisol metabolism (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2), which may predict UBO, have been described. The variability in the heritability of obesity makes it difficult to determine the role of these polymorphisms in common obesity.
Stress experienced in early life may also be a risk factor in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. A recent study on nonhuman primates reported that juvenile bonnet macaque monkeys exhibit greater weight, BMI, waist circumference, and insulin resistance if their mothers are exposed to food insecurity when the monkeys are young (age 3–5 months).
In the past 30 years, the average nightly sleep duration has decreased from 8–9 to 7 h per night. Currently, 30% of all adults in the USA sleep less than 6 h per night. Sleep deprivation has been linked to both increased risk for obesity. Epidemiological studies have reported a negative association between BMI and sleep duration in adults and, children. In laboratory studies, insulin sensitivity was reduced in sleep-restricted individuals.
Sleep deprivation is suggested to be a chronic stressor that may contribute to increased risk for obesity and metabolic diseases, possibly in part through HPA axis dysregulation, although the data are inconsistent. Sleep deprivation resulted in decreased night-time and morning plasma cortisol levels, or increased night-time plasma cortisol levels in other studies. To date, there have been no reported studies on the effect of sleep deprivation on salivary cortisol or UFC.
Conclusion
The present review provides basic support for the relationship between chronic stress, alterations in HPA activity, and obesity. Although animal models provide evidence of the association of stress, HPA axis, and metabolic diseases, human studies have proven to be more challenging, with more understated changes in the HPA axis.
In modern society, where over nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, and sleep deprivation are typical traits, chronic exposure to environmental stress potentially contributes to the development of obesity. This may be at least partially mediated through the HPA axis, although this relationship is complex and many factors, including genetic polymorphisms, tissue-specific cortisol metabolism, chronic inflammation, leptin, ghrelin, and sex hormones, influence the strength of this association. Future studies should address the mechanisms that HPA activity dysregulation contributes to obesity and other metabolic complications. Changes in food intake appear to be a primary target. These actions may be related to effects of leptin and other central signals such as NPY and insulin.
HPA axis dysregulation in obesity is subtle and difficult to assess clinically. Continued research in this field is imperative to define a causal role for chronic stress and obesity, and ultimately develop effective treatment or preventive interventions.
Rapid Addiction Recovery For Busy Executives – A Program You Can Trust
When you consider rapid addiction recovery for busy executives, keep one important thing in mind. Many a times, you are discouraged from trying a rapid recovery program simply because someone else does not have faith in such a program. It could be a friend or family member that strongly discourages you from getting the necessary help that you need to fight your addiction and come out of it. It is also important to add that their intention is 100% genuine but they are not doing the right thing for you because nobody is an alcoholic or drug addict for life. If you remember your first sip of alcohol, it doesn’t’ take a rocket scientist to figure out that the majority, typically 90 plus percent of the first time drinkers didn’t like the taste of alcohol. They, however, went ahead and had it because they were expected to drink and enjoy alcohol. Even the fanciest of whiskey tastes lame for a first timer. The taste is developed with years’ of usage and it takes a lot of effort from your end to finally make you like alcohol except that you don’t see this tedious process the way it should be perceived. When the natural chemicals in your body gets disturbed and the chemical unrest in your brain cells makes your brain failing to tell you what is right and what is wrong, you start developing severe addiction, where your judgment skills are heavily impaired and the cravings dominate your logical decisions.
Instead of focusing on how much effort and hard work you’ve put in to a drug or alcohol and finally gave up yourself to the substance, you condition your brain to believe that you were an addict and going to be one for the rest of your life. There is nothing wrong with this thought except that you are forcing yourself to believe in a lie and your life is going to be a mess with this habit. If a good life and family is what you need or this is what your goal is, you need to reconsider your thinking strategies with the professional help that you could get from a rapid addiction recovery for busy executives program. What you need is inspiration and enthusiasm to fight your condition and professional assistance in getting rid of the severe chemical imbalance your body goes through so that you can concentrate more on coming out of the psychical damage that the drugs did to you and keeping the emotional damage to a minimum. Remember, there is no point in digging the past and punishing yourself for your abuse in the past. You should, instead, focus on fighting your recovery related health issues, often triggered by withdrawal symptoms and seek professional help offered as a part of rapid addiction treatments in a clinic.
Rapid Addiction Recovery For Busy Executives – A Program You Can Trust
Addiction is a highly complex disorder outlined by compulsive drug use. Also, the side effects of each drug differs from person to person, or abused substances have one thing in common – repeated use can change the way the brain functions and looks. For instance, if you take a recreational drug beyond a certain extent, it can affect the dopamine hormone in your brain, which is responsible for feelings of pleasure. Your brain remembers these feelings again and again and wants it to be repeated. When you become addicted, the drug or the substance that you use becomes your daily habit as much as eating or drinking. Once the drugs affect your brain, it interferes with the ability to clearly think, exercise reasoning or even remember things. Your brain changes the way you behave and will make you uncomfortable without the use of drugs. Drugs will become your daily staple, without which you would not be able to function at all. You would start having an uncontrollable craving to use the same drug and it becomes the most important in your life more than anything else. The craving for the drug goes to such an extent that your mind finds excuses to repeatedly use the drug or justify the addiction. You will drastically underestimate the quantity of drugs you consume, the extent it impacts your life and the control it has on you as a person. What’s more? Do not assume that addiction to drugs come to those who are jobless or do not have any other priorities in life, but addiction can come to top-level executives as well. Becoming a successful business executive is a dream coming true for many and there is a tremendous amount of stress, tension and pressure that comes along with the job. While, some many find positive ways to deal with the responsibilities that come as a busy executive, others resort to drugs to give them relief from these stresses. However, what goes wrong in such a dependency is that it reaches to such an extent where the individual cannot live without taking those drugs. During the initial phase, the person might find that the drug is helping him to get relief from stress, but he goes ahead and uses it again and again every time he finds himself in a fix. This is where a treatment turns to an addiction. Unfortunately, not many people realize this until it is too late and the drug has overpowered the person’s brain and functionality. This is exactly where a addiction center comes in with Rapid addiction recovery for busy executives and makes it possible for these top-level executives to deal with the problem efficiently.
Rapid Addiction Recovery For Busy Executives – A Program You Can Trust
NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) Detox – Finally, A Complete Solution To Treat Addiction
NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) detox is gaining worldwide popularity as one of the best addiction treatment systems out there but how does this treatment system, with its biochemistry inspired treatment principles, help addicts in recovering from substance abuse and get back to their regular, functional life? Neuro Endocrine treatment in simple scientific terms restores the right amount of neurotransmitters in people with a long history of substance abuse. The nutritional bio-repair programs were considered by scientists throughout the medical history to treat various types of ailments but only a handful of them were successfully incorporated to advanced treatments across the world. Even then, endocrine restoration treatments never came as a comprehensive solution in treating severe addiction or addiction related problems, until some experts started to recognize the importance of restoring the neuroendocrine system in regaining an addict’s mental health.
From various brain chemistry analyses, scientists have found out that withdrawal symptoms are caused by brain’s major neurotransmitters – GABA, beta endorphine, dopamine, serotonin and epinerphine. A neurotransmitter analysis can reveal the patient’s health history and various symptoms that are evaluated by your NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) detox doctor before deciding a treatment that could work for you. Maximum benefit of this treatment is achievable through a counseling professional with a lot of experience and the ability to inspire others. Aware Med, a lifestyle coaching center with motivational addiction therapies and counseling programs is one of the best examples of places where you can find top-notch treatment for addiction from the best facility. A comprehensive addiction treatment not only focuses on the chemical imbalances of the human body but many other factors such as the psychological and physical issues that deal to the dependency is also taken into consideration to provide the best inpatient care that can help the patient get introduced to the normal lifestyle once again.
The inability to blend into the new system, the regular society, is an addict’s major problem because they live in a world of alternative reality created by the drugs they use. Although these people could be perfectly normal individuals that got addicted to drugs (people without any behavioral issues in the past), their heavy depends on drugs will slowly deteriorate the line between their own world of alternative reality and the real world with its own advantages and disadvantages. It is nearly impossible for long-term drug addicts to come in terms with the regular world and its norms after years’ of substance abuse, an issue that expert practitioners try to resolve with the counseling programs offered as a complimentary package with their NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) detox program. In simple worlds, an exepreinced practitioner does not focus heavily on addiction treatment because this is easily established by their professional treatment method that re-establishes the chemicals to brain cells. What they focus is on making sure that the mind is coping up with body’s sudden recovery so creating the necessary mental strength to fight addiction is extremely important. A highly experienced, professional practitioner that gives excellent individualized attention is the key in revering from your physical dependency on drugs.
How to Recognize Addiction?
NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) Detox – Finally, A Complete Solution To Treat Addiction
Sometimes people are able to use prescription drugs without experiencing any side effects or addiction. For many others, usage of drugs can cause serious problem at work, home and relationship, leaving one isolated ashamed and helpless. If you are worried that your loved one is a victim of drug abuse, it’s important to realize that they need help and search options for bringing them back to life. Drug addiction happens without one’s knowledge, and one realizes it only when things go out of control. People generally experiment with drugs for various reasons. Many initially try drugs out of curiosity, to have some good time with friends or just because they think that drugs can improve their performance or solve a problem like depression or anxiety. Using it for the first time doesn’t automatically make them addicts, but constant usage makes the body accustomed for adaptation and then the body slowly demands the drug, even if the person doesn’t want to. Drug addiction is not about the amount of substance consumed or even the frequency, but it is more but the consequences after consumption. It doesn’t matter how often you might have used drugs or how little you are consuming, if drugs is causing a problem in your life – you have an addiction problem. One might ask – “how come some people become addicted, while others don’t?” Just like any other disease or disorder out there, vulnerability to addiction depends on person-to-person. Your mental health, genes, social environment, hereditary, all plays a very important role in you being addicted to drugs. If you have a family history of addiction, chances are that you will also be exposed to drugs and will soon become addicted. Moreover, people with mental disorders like anxiety, depression or traumatic experiences in childhood have greater chances of getting addicted to drugs or get exposed to drugs early in life. Whatever the reason may be, until you do not find a good addiction center, your life is deteriorating day after day. AWAREmed is one of those few addiction centers that have multiple treatment programs including NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) detox that can help a patient come back to their normal balance and lead an addiction free life.
NER (Neuro Endocrine Restoration) Detox – Finally, A Complete Solution To Treat Addiction
Intravenous Amino Acid Treatment For Addiction – The Most Effective Addiction Treatment In The Market Today
Intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction is becoming popular day by day as the most sought after addiction treatment, but is the treatment method as effective as doctors claim it to be? If you read closely about intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction and the way it works, it makes a lot of sense how the treatment work for regular people in fighting their addiction problems. There are quite a few drugs that are so powerful that determination alone can’t stop one from taking them. Although alcohol is legal and widely available in most countries, fighting alcohol addition is extremely difficult, if not impossible. One of the reasons for alcohol’s strong addictive properties is the way it manipulates the neuroreceptors in brain cells. Neuroreceptors serve many important functions in brain cells but with constant substance abuse, they get severely damage. So much that many natural functions of neurons are challenged of detoriated with constant drug abuse. Intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction focuses on treating this problem by attempting to recreate the natural state of neuroreceptors.
When you take intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction, you have a very high rate of success because with the amino acid treatment, your brain cells get a chance to regain the proteins it was craving for. The treatment basically injects an amino acid solution to the bloodstream, which is capable of provide the damaged protein cells to the brain again, but in a healthy way. When your brain cells get the proteins that it was craving for a very long time, your mind becomes calm. The calmness of human mind is nothing but the balanced hormonal secretion of our body, which happens only when our body is in absolute harmony with the internal and external forces. One of the most common reasons for people failing with addition treatments – apart from the damaged central nervous system – is the severe withdrawal symptoms that are hard to fight with a regular mindset.
If You Can Reduce Your Withdrawal Symptoms, Addiction Treatment Can Work Wonders
One of the biggest challenges in addition recovery, the severe withdrawal symptoms, is fought hard in many ways depending on the treatment style. In many conventional treatment methods popular in Africa and Asia, the patient is confined to locked rooms where they have access to nothing except for food and water. Shaper objects and tools are not present in these rooms to avoid patient violently hurting themselves or attempting suicide. With the modern medicine, more civilized methods are used for treatments but modern medicine has its own limitations. All a doctor could do is prescribing strong medication to reduce the withdrawal symptoms but with the type of drugs, the aftereffects also changes dramatically. Some addiction medication creates medicinal dependency. Intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction on the other hand not only reduces the severe withdrawal symptoms, but it also retains a patient’s ability to make rational decisions. This is why you see a huge success rate – around 70% – with most amino acid addiction treatments. Considering the fact that addiction treatment with amino acid injection is attempted on individuals, mostly tried and failed with many other treatments, even a 35% success rate is extremely good, according to experts. It goes without saying that intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction has a massive rate of success where many conventional methods of treatments fail. When you look at the treatment method in detail, this is not a concept hard to understand.
Intravenous Amino Acid Treatment For Addiction – The Most Effective Addiction Treatment In The Market Today
The main principles of IV therapy are to supply essential nutrients to the normal body metabolism and those that are required for recovering from an illness. When the patient is chronically ill, they usually need a jumpstart of high concentration of nutrients to help them reload their energy and start healing. Intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction has been known to be the safest and easiest method to avoid any kind of deficiencies in nutrition resulting by poor absorption and energy deficit. IV therapy, as commonly known, is one of the safest in the record till date. The choice of nutrients included in an IV therapy is decided based on three factors – the deficiency of any nutrient, identified from symptoms, testing or history, the necessary nutrients needed for proper metabolism and the known action of a nutrient on a particular disease.
Identifying a good place that you get intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction can be a challenge, especially with so many addiction centers is coming up every now and then. A good intravenous amino acid treatment for addiction therapy can only be practiced if the institution has sufficient staff and highly experienced practitioners who can take care of the patient 24 hours. Since vitamin supplements and amino acids are highly crucial for managing your brain and helping it recover from addiction, practitioners must know what the patient lacks and how it can be compensated. If a person needs to recover from addiction on a long-term basis, a healthy diet and adequate supply of minerals, vitamins and amino acids needs to be given until the person feels better and the craving for drugs is gone completely. Since different individuals have different requirements, a therapy has to be customized according to the patient’s particular needs and then practiced. AWAREmed has this particular therapy and a highly experienced team of doctors and therapists who can take care of a patient completely.
Intravenous Amino Acid Treatment For Addiction – The Most Effective Addiction Treatment In The Market Today
