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Bath Salts, Dangerous side effects

Dangerous Drugs Disguised As ‘Bath Salts’

Bath salts is a tittle that is given to a family of drugs that contain one or more than one synthetic chemicals related to cathinone, an amphetamine-like stimulant found naturally in the Khat plant. The name ‘bath salts’ was given to these drugs because of the ways they were disguised in the market. These drugs are often in the form of white powder, or crystals which often resemble legal bathing products like Epsom salts, but are different in chemical composition from actual bath salts. Those trading in these drugs were very cunning or do we say they were clever they even wrote on the packaging of these drugs as ‘not for human consumption’ just to evade all the problems from the authorities. Hence these drugs were traded for a long time without fear of prohibition.

It is therefore necessary for me to state this here, these drugs that were marked as bathing salts simply to evade problems that the traders would go through incase the authorities detected they were dealing in drugs should never be mistaken for the genuine bathing salts such as Epsom salts that are sold with intentions of improving bathing experience. Epsom and other genuine salts do not contain the drug properties that are in designed drugs disguised as bathing salts.

These drugs have since become a public health and safety issue. There has been a growing concern to tame the use of these drugs after several scientific studies have shown that they do affect the people who use them adversely. The users of these ‘bathing salts’ are always lured by the opinion that these drugs would give a person a feeling of euphoria, increased sociability and even increases a person’s sex drive. Those who are using these drugs for these reasons are misled because they do not always check for the side effects that may come along with the ‘benefits’ that they seek to find in these bathing salts.  Some of the side effects that are associated with the use of these ‘bathing salts’ are paranoia, agitation, and hallucinatory delirium; some even display psychotic and violent behavior, and in extreme cases, deaths. With proof that these drugs can cause death it therefore calls for caution in handling these drugs and strict laws should be adopted to deal with those found in possession of these ‘bathing soaps’ just as it has always been done with other hard drugs.

bath salts

The use of these drugs has really spread as fast as they are now being sold online under such names as plant food, jewelry cleaner and even phone screen cleaner. There are also other online drug stores that also sell these drugs under such brand names as Ivory Wave, Bloom, Cloud Nine, Lunar Wave, Vanilla Sky, White Lightning and Scarface.

Common synthetic cathinones found in bath salts include 3, 4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone commonly known as Drone, Meph, or Meow Meow and methylone, but there are others that are not mentioned here. Much is still unknown about how these substances affect the human brain, and each one may have somewhat different properties. Chemically, they are similar to amphetamines such as methamphetamine as well as to MDMA also known as ecstasy.

The energizing and often agitating effects reported in people who have taken bath salts are consistent with other drugs like amphetamines and cocaine that raise the level of the neurotransmitter dopamine in brain circuits regulating reward and movement. A surge in dopamine in these circuits causes feelings of euphoria and increased activity. A similar surge of the transmitter norepinephrine can raise heart rate and blood pressure. Bath salts have been marketed as cheap and until recently, legal substitutes for those stimulants. A recent study found that MDPV—the most common synthetic cathinone found in the blood and urine of patients admitted to emergency departments after bath salts ingestion—raises brain dopamine in the same manner as cocaine but is at least 10 times more potent. This shows how dangerous these drugs are.

Those who use these bathing salts have been reported to inhibit hallucinatory effects that are similar to those experienced by those who are using such drugs as MDMA or LSD that are known to increase the levels of serotonin which is another known neurotransmitter. Researchers have done experiments on rats through which it was found that mephedrone and methylone increased the levels of serotonin as it happens with the use of MDMA.

Here are some other side effects of Bath salts

Bath salts Today hospitals are receiving victims of these bath salts. Most of the reactions that they inhibit include but not limited to high blood pressure, and chest pains, psychiatric symptoms like paranoia, hallucinations, and panic attacks. There is also a symptom commonly referred to as ‘excited delirium’ from taking bath salts also may have dehydration, breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue, and kidney failure.

These drugs are also very addictive and since may prove a real hell to break free from. The more a person uses these drugs the more he craves for more of this drug and this with time may prove fatal. When used for a long time it may beckon dependence.

There are very many side effects associated with ‘bath salts’ but the greatest fear is that these drugs are designed and so most of the contents are unknown which seem very dangerous.

Finally, Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is an experienced Medical Educator who has been in the frontline fighting drug addiction. She runs a website that equips readers of better ways to overcome not only drug addiction but also serious health problems that have caused nightmares to the world population. Get in touch with her today and learn more. Dr. Akoury offers great Natural addiction education to Physicians, Nurses, Nurse Practitioners , and Councilors.

 Dangerous Drugs Disguised As ‘Bath Salts’

 

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Can Obesity Cause Erectile Dysfunction?

Can Obesity Cause Erectile Dysfunction? – What should you do when it happens?

Erectile Dysfunction

Obesity has adverse effect on man ability to erection. Therefore Causes Erectile Dysfunction like obesity must be treated for the restoration of ones sex life.

The epidemic of obesity has been linked to erectile dysfunction by medic the world over, a condition which decreases the quality of life of more than 30 million middle-aged men in the United States alone. This connection has been shown in many epidemiological studies where obese people often register a high frequency of difficulty with sexual activities. Such studies have established that, men with increased Body Mass Index have a higher risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) than men with normal weight. And quit interestingly, 4 out of 5 people who report symptoms of ED are also overweight or obese. It has been estimated that the sexual dysfunction of a morbidly obese man is the same as a normal weight man 20 years older.

Now the pertinent question is why is obesity a risk factor for erectile dysfunction? Despite the increasing evidence that obesity is connected to impotence, it is still not well understood how exactly carrying extra weight leads to decreased sexual performance. However scientists and medical experts have suggested that the following mechanisms mediate obesity’s negative effects on sexual function.

Psychologically Distressed

Obese men usually feel uncomfortable with their body. Many men dealing with obesity have a lower self-esteem. Obese people are also encountered with discrimination and prejudice in social situations. This combination of negative body image and social stigmatization may indirectly pose social and psychological barriers to having sexual functions performed satisfactorily. Anxiety, emotional distress and depression are common feelings among obese people with depression being a risk factor for erectile dysfunction therefore depression can cause ED, which may increase the severity of depressive symptoms. Meanwhile the social and psychological obstacles that obese men face are not the only factors causing sexual problems. Studies have shown that erectile dysfunction in obese men has a direct biological origin.

Obesity Taxes the Penile Vascular System

The relationship between obesity and erectile dysfunction becomes apparent if one understands two things; how important blood flow is for normal sexual function and how obesity affects the vascular system.

Penile erection is the result of increased blood flow. The increase in blood flow required for erection is comparable to the quantity your entire body would need from your heart when you engage in rigorous physical activity. This therefore makes the ability of a man to develop and maintain penile erection to depend on the health of his circulatory system i.e. the vessels that carry our blood. In other words, inability of the penis to get erected has to do with how healthy the penile vasculature is. Any condition like blocked vessels, etc. that disturbs blood flow interferes with normal erectile function.

Obesity Damages the Penile Endothelium

Key to the normal function of the vascular system is the endothelium—the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of all blood vessels, from the heart to the tiniest capillary. Any factor that contributes to endothelial dysfunction reduces the vascular hemodynamics and impairs the normal erectile physiology.

Obesity is a major risk factor for vascular disease and endothelial dysfunction and it happens this way fat tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes many bioactive substances (adipokines). The concentration of these molecules in the blood is higher the more obese a person is. There is evidence that adipokines secreted from fat stores surrounding penile vessels cause inflammation that has a damaging effect on the vascular endothelium, contributing to ED.

Obesity Blocks the Penile Artery

Obesity leads to atherosclerosis—the buildup of a waxy plaque on the interior of blood vessels. When atherosclerosis occurs in the penile artery with a small diameter of 1-2mm the blood flow decreases or gets blocked, diminishing erectile function. This harmful effect of obesity on the circulatory system can be irreversible and it implies that obesity can have a lasting detrimental effect on the penile vasculature of middle-age men.

Obesity Causes Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism is when the production of male hormones (androgens) by the testes is below normal. A low level of testosterone, the main androgen, is a condition prevalent in obese men. How does hypogonadism relate to ED? Testosterone is a hormone that increases sexual interest and sexual activity. Studies have shown that low levels of testosterone plays a critical role in erectile dysfunction. Animals where the testicles have been removed, and therefore can no longer produce testosterone, are unable to achieve erections. In hypogonadic men, testosterone therapy has been shown in many cases to restore erectile function. Obesity is a risk factor for androgen deficiency and this directly affects the function of the male sexual organ.

How to Prevent Erectile Dysfunction

The benefits of preventing any situation from happening is far much better than waiting for it to happen then you start the treatment process. Because of this Dr. Dalal Akoury founded AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center for various medical reasons. At this facility she is offering an inbuilt treatment solution which focus on Neuroendocrine Restoration (NER) to reinstate normality through realization of the oneness of Spirit, Mind, and Body, Unifying the threesome into ONE. Doctor Akoury is vastly experienced in treatments of all matters relating to weight and obesity, all kinds of addiction, sexual dysfunctions and many conditions relating to beauty. She has been in practice for well over two decades offering medical services which focus on personalized medicine through healthy lifestyle choices that deal with primary prevention and underlying causes instead of patching up symptoms.

For matters relating to sexual dysfunctions doctor Akoury understands that erection is very instrumental for proper and fulfilling sexual performance, therefore when you call her today for help she will evaluate your individual conditions in total confidence and administer the best treatment procedures including “Priapus Shot for men and O Shot for women”. Your condition is not supposed to bother you any longer with the expertise advice from doctor Akoury. Call now and begin the journey of recovery of your life time and if you also have weight related issues contributing to your sexual dysfunctions be it erection problems, doctor Akoury will take you through the most working natural weight lose solution procedures that will help you burn the excess calories in your body and regain your desired body size and shape for the most fulfillment of your life time. With doctor Akoury you will be choosing the best for yourself and your partner for greater prosperity in your sex life.

Can Obesity Cause Erectile Dysfunction? – What should you do when it happens?

 

 

 

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Phencyclidine (PCP) and Excitatory Actions

Phencyclidine (PCP) selectively reduces excitatory actions

PhencyclidineTo begin with, it is important to point out to those who have not heard of club drugs yet. These are also known as rave drugs and are often associated with night parties in discotheques. The term club drugs refers to a wide range of substances that are commonly abused by young adults and teens at all-night party clubs and parties. The drugs reported in these scenes are extremely diverse and vary among locales. Overall, they include drugs that have long been abused, such as marijuana and cocaine, and drugs whose abuse is a more recent development. All these drugs are taken with different purposes but most importantly most youths are lured to abuse this drugs by there need to belong. When the party lovers   meet and spend time together they will obviously want to do everything together as that will give them a sense of belonging and a ‘family’. Most youths indulge in the use of club drugs not because they really need to but because those they came to club with are using; talk of peer pressure. Some of these drugs are stimulants, some depressants, and some hallucinogens. Most of these club drugs however exhibit multiple pharmacological properties hence cannot be easily categorized. The club drugs are often grouped as;

Designer Drugs

Designer drug is the term used for a drug created by changing the molecular structure of one or more existing drugs to create a new substance. These drugs have no place in the medical field as they have no accepted medical purpose so they can only be used for other purposes other than medical purposes and hence are always abused. As a result, they are synthesized in illicit laboratories. MDMA which is mostly associated with ecstasy is the most sought after and the most commonly abused of the designer drugs. The other designer drugs are considered by users to be inferior substitutes for MDMA and are typically only ingested unknowingly, when present in tablets sold as ecstasy. Examples of other designer drugs are: MDA, MDE, MBDB, DOB, DOM, 2C-B. MDMA and MDA are the most known club drugs and are hence highly used by youths in discotheques.

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelics, refer to a wide range of substances derived from both natural and synthetic sources. In general, hallucinogens distort the user’s sensory perceptions and may also create feelings of euphoria. These effects vary depending on the drug in question. The stronger hallucinogens can exert a powerful effect on a drug user’s thinking and can produce sensory illusions that make it difficult to distinguish between fact and fantasy. In general, hallucinogens do not create a physical dependence, but they can create a psychological dependence. Their consumption also creates a tolerance that is built rapidly within the body. Many drugs that exhibit mild hallucinogenic properties are commonly classified as hallucinogens, including marijuana and MDMA. Drugs that exhibit potent hallucinogenic properties are discussed below, including, LSD, ketamine, peyote/mescaline, and mushrooms.

Depressants

Depressants are also known as sedatives. These drugs commonly abused in the club environment include GHB and Rohypnol. These sedatives are highly potent. As a result, they have earned the title “date rape drugs“.  As the name suggests they are very dangerous but unfortunately teens and young men are rocking them like their names depends on them.

 

Phencyclidine (PCP) selectively reduces excitatory actions

Phencyclidine often shortened as PCP is a major drug of abuse that has anesthetic actions and produces effects that resemble schizophrenia. The mechanism of action of PCP-like drugs has not been established, although specific binding sites in brain have been identified that appear to be pharmacologically relevant. PCP-like drugs selectively antagonize excitation of spinal neurons by N-methyl aspartate commonly abbreviated as NMA. Therefore, the behavioral effects of PCP-like drugs might result from reduced neurotransmission at excitatory synapses utilizing NMA receptors in higher centers of the central nervous system. Until now, this proposed explanation of the behavioral effects of PCP-like drugs is based exclusively on electrophysiological findings.

Phencyclidine

Given that PCP-like drugs produce behavioral effects primarily through antagonism at excitatory synapses utilizing NMA receptors, drugs that are known to antagonize electrophysiological effects of NMA should produce PCP-like behavioral effects. DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5) is a potent and highly selective NMA antagonist 8. A procedure for the measurement of catalepsy in pigeons, suitable for studying PCP-like activity of compounds, has been described.

Phencyclidine (PCP) has effects on the NMDA receptor. In an experiment that was done using mice in a laboratory, it was found that Stable N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated currents in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons were evoked by 20 ms pressure pulse applications of L-aspartate, repeatedly applied at 30 or 40 s intervals, to the cell body region of the neuron. In the study a simple model of the blockade, based on the ‘guarded receptor hypothesis’ was used to interpret our data. The model assumes that receptors are maximally activated at the peak of the response with an open probability (Po) approaching 1, that there is no desensitization and that the blocking drug only associates with, or dissociates from, receptor channels which have been activated by agonist.

The model used allowed the scientists to estimate forward and reverse rate constants for binding of the blockers to open channels from measurements of the steady-state level of blockade and the rate of change of the current amplitude per pulse during onset and offset of blockade. As predicted by the model, the estimated reverse rate was independent of blocker concentration while the forward rate increased with concentration.

Finally, Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) is an experienced doctor who has been in the frontline fighting drug addiction. He runs a website that equips readers of better ways to overcome not only drug addiction but also serious health problems that have caused nightmares to the world population. Get in touch with her today and learn more.

Phencyclidine (PCP) selectively reduces excitatory actions

 

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Obese men and Erectile Dysfunction

Obese men and Erectile Dysfunction – Relationship with Weight gain

Erectile Dysfunction

Obese Men and Erectile Dysfunction. Many relationships are being broken because of failure of sex satisfaction occasioned by obesity. with good treatment this can be solved.

We have in the recent passed been discussing Erectile dysfunction ED and we are not about to leave this discussion anytime soon. We have realized that the problems relating to erectile dysfunctions are a major cause or reason for many broken relationship and most importantly marriages. Marriage is a very important unit that needs to be safeguarded by all means and that is why we are going to continue with the discussions about ED in an attempt to try create more awareness to all men in relationships or those planning to be in any soon to be able to take timely precautions and remedies where necessary.

Therefore ED will always occur when a man is unable to maintain or achieve an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction has several causes, most of which are diseases that directly affect vascular function, such as hypertension, heart disease and diabetes. According to many professional findings, obese men are more likely to have these diseases and experience erectile dysfunction. Being slightly overweight, carrying around just a few extra pounds will most likely not cause erectile dysfunction, but being overweight can pave the way to obesity. Obesity or just excess body fat and a BMI over 30–can cause significant health problems and directly contributes to erectile dysfunction.

How Obesity Affects the Body

  • From a metabolic standpoint, obesity contributes to diabetes by affecting the way the body processes sugar.
  • Additionally, obese people tend to have high cholesterol and are more susceptible to hypertension and heart disease.
  • From a quality-of-life standpoint, obesity contributes to sleep disturbances, snoring and, in severe cases, sleep apnea, all of which can lead to daytime fatigue and depression.
  • Obese people may also experience excessive sweating, overheating and frequent rashes in the folds of the skin.
  • Excess weight also puts strain on the joints and may lead to knee, ankle and back pain.
  • Obesity also increases the risk of some cancers, gall bladder disease and stroke.

We will be further look into some of these causes as we progress in this discussion for all of us to be on the alert of the significant consequences of erectile dysfunction.

How Obesity Affects Erectile Dysfunction

Obesity can directly affect erectile dysfunction by lowering testosterone levels. It is important noting that Testosterone is the primary sex hormone in men which plays an important and vital role in both libido and sexual function. Indirectly, obesity contributes to other diseases, such as hypertension, that are known factors in erectile dysfunction. The penis needs a sufficient supply of blood in order to become erect. Once engorged, the vessels need to close in order to maintain the erection.

Hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol and heart disease all contribute to erectile dysfunction by adversely damaging and constricting blood vessels and affecting the way blood flows in and out of the penis. It is possible to reverse the effects of obesity and obesity-related diseases with diet, exercise and, in some cases, drug intervention. Besides these obese men with health issues should consult with their physicians before attempting any diet, exercise or weight-loss program. This is where a visit to AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource Center under Doctor Akoury’s care becomes necessary. Doctor Akoury is not just a weight lose expert but also vastly experienced in sexual dysfunction treatment. In both practices she has had an accumulation of experience of over two decades attending to all patients from all walks of life globally and your condition will be best taken care of with this great professional. and as for weight issues, doctor Akoury together with her able team of experienced experts, they will focus on Neuroendocrine Restoration (NER) to reinstate normality through realization of the oneness of Spirit, Mind, and Body, Unifying the threesome into ONE all you have to do is to call her now for an appointment.

The Mechanics and Causes of ED

An erection occurs when blood fills two chambers known as the corpora cavernosa. This causes the penis to expand and stiffen, much like a balloon as it is filled with air. The process is triggered by impulses from the brain and genital nerves. Anything that blocks these impulses or restricts blood flow to the penis can result in ED some of which may include:

Chronic Disease

The link between chronic disease and ED is most striking for diabetes. Men who have diabetes are two to three times more likely to have erectile dysfunction than men who do not have diabetes. Among men with erectile dysfunction, those with diabetes may experience the problem as much as 10 to 15 years earlier than men without diabetes. Yet evidence shows that good blood sugar control can minimize this risk. Other conditions that may cause ED include cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), kidney disease, and multiple sclerosis. These illnesses can impair blood flow or nerve impulses throughout the body.

Lifestyle

Lifestyle choices that impair blood circulation can contribute to ED. Smoking, excessive drinking, and drug abuse may damage the blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the penis. Smoking makes men with atherosclerosis particularly vulnerable to ED. Being overweight and getting too little exercise also contributes to ED.  Studies indicate that men who exercise regularly have a lower risk of ED.

Surgery

Surgery, including treatments for prostate cancer, bladder cancer, or BPH can sometimes damage nerves and blood vessels near the penis. In some cases, the nerve damage is permanent, and the patient will require treatment to achieve an erection. In others, surgery causes temporary ED that improves on its own after 6 to 18 months.

Medication

ED may be a side effect of medication, including certain blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, and tranquilizers. Men should talk with their doctor if they suspect a prescription or over-the-counter drug may be causing erectile problems. Never stop any medicine without first consulting your doctor.

Psychological

ED usually has something physical behind it, particularly in older men. But psychological factors can be a factor in many cases of ED. Experts says that;

  • Stress
  • Depression
  • Poor self-esteem and
  • Performance anxiety

All these can short-circuit the process that leads to an erection. These factors can also make the problem worse in men whose ED stems from something physical. Finally you probably have heard of all these before and gave then no consideration, dear reader if you are following this link and you or anybody you know is suffering from either of these conditions (ED or Obesity) then you can be of help to yourself or to them by calling and introducing them to doctor Akoury for permanent solution to their problems and living a much more fulfilling life thereafter.

Obese men and Erectile Dysfunction – Relationship with Weight gain

 

 

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The Prefrontal Cortex and It’s Executive Control In Addiction

Role of the prefrontal cortex and executive control in addiction

prefrontal cortexThe prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that is the cerebral cortex, which covers the front part frontal lobe. PFC’s most typical psychological term for its functions is executive function. The prefrontal cortex has been associated with a person’s personality by more than one scientist. It is associated with decision making, planning complex cognitive behavior, expressing ones personality as well as controlling and moderating social behaviors. Decision making is a process that is carried out in the brain through the interaction of the prefrontal cortex and the subcortical regions involved in reward and motivation. As a result, it is common that failure in self-regulatory behavior, common in addicted subjects, could be dependent upon the alteration of the interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the subcortical regions.

The PFC has plays a great role in regulating and governing behavior. This function is achieved through a complex interaction of different areas within the prefrontal cortex together with the subcortical areas integrating cognitive and executive functions to produce the “optimal choice”. The result of this interaction can also result in dangerous decisions some of which are observed in drug addicts. The PFC functional abnormalities are very much attributed to the continued use of drugs or traumatic experiences. PFC plays a role in the onset and in the progression of psychiatric disorders associated with very poor decision making such as schizophrenia, attention deficit or the hyperactivity disorder, and depression all of which are very likely to be suffered by drug addicts after a prolonged period of drug and substance abuse.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brains reward and pleasure areas as well as regulating movement and emotional responses. Dopamine enables us to not only see the reward but to also take actions to move towards them. Addictive drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and nicotine cause an excess of dopamine in the brain. According to scientific theories, dopamine is released in the brain when something very important happens, whether that is an expected reward or an accident. Since it is involved in learning, memory and motivation, the chemical dopamine helps us to store the important information we need to survive as well as to remember it in the future. Drugs however hijack that process sending five to ten times more dopamine surging through the nucleus accumbens and forcing the brains motivational and attention mechanisms to focus purely on the drug. The drug therefore becomes the most important thing in the world which leads to addiction.

Improved performance  in cognitive tasks requiring working memory and inhibition have been observed in people that carry variations in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene which degrade the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. As a result, when the role of COMT is altered, there could be increased likelihood of making the drug addiction even stronger. Addiction is therefore as a result of a number of factors and the PFC circuitry contributes to the expression of several behaviors that are associated with it. A large number of addicted people do not seek treatment, mostly because they do not even recognize their condition as a disease that requires a medical attention. This condition is probably brought about by viewing the abused substance as an essential ingredient of their life regardless of the consequences of its use.

Imbalance between two separate but interacting neural systems can lead to addiction. These neural systems could be an immediate one that generates decision making, based on the impulsivity-related amygdala system for transmitting pain or pleasure of the immediate prospects and a reflective one, whose basis are for the signaling pain or pleasure of future prospects. The level of controlling behavior is challenged by the ability of cues associated with strengthening activities such as drug abuse, food or sex. Self-control efforts however involve increased activity in the regions of the PFC regulating emotions and cognition and reduced activity in the regions that are associated with reward processing and craving. PFC could be associated with long term outcomes whereas sub-cortical activity is associated with more immediate outcomes.

The PFC is also responsible for the decision to quit taking a certain drug after a period of addiction. Abstinence is a multiple component condition in which the lack of drug effects is highly associated with the inner struggle between the desire of the reward brought about by intake of the drug and the assessment of the consequences of that behavior in terms of money, social life and environmental involvement for example smoking marijuana. This will very fast lead to appearance of withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by depressed mood, irritability, mild cognitive deficits accompanied by other peripheral psychological symptoms as the PFC tries to adjust. Some addicts who struggle to go through the abstinence of a certain drug at times relapse to their old habits. This relapse can be categorized into three major types which are; drug induced relapse, reinstatement of self-administration behavior upon exposition to drug related cues and stress induced relapse. This is a major setback in the recovery of the addicts.

prefrontal cortex/

Research has shown that addicts of strong drugs such as marijuana or cocaine have more problems in their daily lives both physically as well as emotionally. Their health is also very much at risk as this drugs alter the working mechanism of the brain and especially the prefrontal cortex. They report lower life satisfaction, poorer mental and physical health, more relationship problems, and they also have less academic and career success compared to those who do not abuse drugs. Decision making becomes a problem for them and they tend to choose the easy way out which to them is the choice to keep using the drugs. Eventually, they could lose their mind all together as the brain function mechanism gets more and more accustomed to the drug effects.

Role of the prefrontal cortex and executive control in addiction

 

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