Neural circuits of preoccupation/ anticipation “craving” stage
Addiction and It Stages
Drug addiction is a slow developing disorder that is long lasting characterized mainly by the urge to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake and development of a negative emotional state of anxiety and irritability. When the drug is prevented, the user exhibits withdrawal symptoms. Drug addiction has been viewed as a condition that involves element of both impulsive and compulsive behavior that is brought about by the addiction circle. The circle is made up of three stages: the intoxication stage the negative or the withdrawal effect, and the anticipation stage/ preoccupation which is the craving stage.
The neural circuits of the brain affected
Study on human behavior has revealed discrete circuits that play a major role in binding a major stage of the addiction circle. The ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum is the main focal point for the intoxication stage. The extended amygdala plays the role in the withdrawal while the orbitofrontal cortex–dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula are involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control which is the preoccupation/anticipation stage. Drug addiction therefore alters the normal functioning of the neural circuits which may begin with changes in the mesolimbic doper mine system and the process of neural adaptations from the ventral striatum to dorsal striatum of the frontal cortex and eventually deregulates the prefrontal cortex and extended amygdala.
Of late there have been studies aimed at understanding the genetic cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the transitions from once-in-a-while drug use to the loss of a person’s control of a drug abuse and to the final stage of a relapse even after trying to abstain. Drug addiction has aspects of both impulsivity and compulsivity disorders. Impulse control disorder is precisely an increased sense of tension before engaging in an impulsive act and a feeling relieved at the time of committing the act. They are categorized as the positive and strengthening mechanisms. On the other hand compulsive disorders are characterized by anxiety and stress before taking part in a compulsive redundant behavior and relieve from the stress by carrying out the compulsive behavior. The compulsive disorders are greatly associated with negative reinforcement’s mechanisms.
Impulsivity and compulsivity.
As the stage of addiction moves from one cycle to the other, the user moves from a stage of impulsivity to a stage of impulsivity and compulsivity. As a result, they are no longer positively reinforced by the drug but negatively influenced. These three stages of addiction are attributed to interacting with each other getting more intense and finally leading to the pathological stage called addiction. The brain neural circuitry system is engaged at each stage of the addiction cycle and changes with increased intake of the drugs of abuse hence producing the disorder known as addiction. Since the brain responds to stimulus the entire system becomes oriented specifically toward drug related stimuli leading to an increased drive for seeking and taking drugs.
Executive dysfunction
Executive dysfunction is a range of cognitive, emotional and behavioral difficulties which occur after the frontal lobe of the brain is injured. The executive function include abilities such as: planning and organization, social behavior, controlling emotions, safe awareness among others. Drug abuse alters the normal functioning of the frontal lobe of the brain and leads to executive dysfunction. This leads to deficits in cognitive skills which involves thinking, personality and social behavior. Executive dysfunction also makes it difficult to solve problems and as a result drug addicts do not make accurate judgments or find solutions if things are going wrong. They are also irritable find it hard to concentrate lose their r memory and do not get enough sleep. It is very hard for people with this this problem to get along with others as they appear antisocial and can be misunderstood as depression lack of motivation, selfishness and aggression.
Future treatment targets.
GABA receptor substance that does not act as agonist or antagonist but affects the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor-ionophore complex. The GABA receptors play a role in almost every single activity of the brain. Ultimately glutamate and GABA do the information processing; they’re the ones that encode sensory inputs and thoughts (GABA directly modulates the effect of glutamate). There is the cognitive enhancement which requires the knowledge of cognition and what it involves. This cognitive enhancement could be aimed at improving short-term memory, improving information processing improving recall, or enhancing long-term potentiation. Each of this involves different circuits that involve multiple neurotransmitter systems.
Homeostatic resetters refers to the process of removal of toxic substances from the body of an individual through a process called detoxification in that at the end of the process the body returns to homeostasis after a long term use of an addictive substance.
CRF is brain stress systems that is engaged during the withdrawal/negative affect stage. This will reduce the dopamine activity and also help in restoring the frontal lobe of the brain. Therefore, the CRF increases in the effects that occur with sudden withdrawal from drugs and have motivational significance not only for the anxiety effects of acute withdrawal but also for the increased drug intake associated with dependence.
Glutamate modulators are used to reduce the habits of addiction by greatly improving the mood of the user and treating major depressive disorder. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. There has been studies carried out which have shown altered glutamate levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with mood disorders. Administering glutamate to this patients will therefore greatly improve their mood.
Neural Circuits Of Preoccupation/ Anticipation “Craving” Stage
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